PHC 4101 QUIZ 5 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

PHC 4101 QUIZ 5 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 Criteria Air Polutants in Clean Air Act - Answers - carbon monoxide - lead - nitrogen oxides - ozone - particulate matter - sulfure dioxide what are pollutants a result of - Answers combustion carbon monoxide - Answers - produced from motor vehicle exhaust - interferes with Oxygen carrying capacity in blood - causes headaches and mental processes impairment - decreased by 84% from ---- means new regulations and tech working Lead - Answers - air pollution - damages nervous system, blood, kidneys - used in leaded gas- banned in 1980s - decreased by 92% in air between 1980 and 2013 nitrogen oxides - Answers - motor vehicles - contributes to smog and acid rain and ozone formation - irritates respiratory - decreased by 60% from 1980 to 2013 ozone - Answers - good up high, bad near by - depletion caused by CFCs - irritates eyes and respiratory - CVD and respiratory diseases - produced by sunlight acting on other pollutants - rates have decreased by 33% from 1980 to 2013 - used as general measure of air pollution particulate matter - Answers product of combustion: smoke, soot, ash - health consequences: lung cancers, diseases, heart disease - can be extremely small- smaller than strand of hair - first regulated bigger particles --- smaller particles do more harm- PM2.5 1977- sued EPA that it was too expensive for regulation --- ruled EPA should only consider public safety not cost -- the smaller the particle the easier it is to lodge into body sulfur dioxide - Answers - combustion of sulfur containing fuels, -- coal - irritates respiratory - contributes to acid rain - decreased by 81% from 1980 to 2013 industrial strategies for reducing air pollution - Answers 1- scrubbers on smokestacks- clean pollutants before discharged 2- pollution allowance/credits- allow industries a choice to clean up power plant and sell pollution allowance -- or option to not clean but they have to buy more pollution allowances --- maximize opportunities 3- mandatory reporting of discharged pollutants- puts pressure on industry to clean up- from citizens motor vehicle strategies for reducing ing air pollution - Answers - vehicles are the number one factor of air pollution in urban areas 1- vehicle fuel and engineering -- less toxic emissions- cleaner -- newest cars emit 90% less emissions -- better fuel economy for better mileage -- reformulated fuel- burns cleaner 2- Inspection and maintenance requirements 3- Public transportation --less emissions -- may not be as efficient -- funding -- americans support cleaner air measures ---- but don't want to use public transportation what percent of water is salt - Answers 97% what percent pf the earth is water - Answers 70% what percent of water is fresh and accessible by humans - Answers 1% water usage globally - Answers 8%- domestic 22%- industry 70%- irrigation water scarcity factors - Answers 1- population growth 2- industrial and agricultural activities --- waste pumped/leaked --- destroys ecosystems/biodiversity that support human health/ food production 3- climate change --- threatens to alter hydraulic cycle Effects of water shortages - Answers 1. death and disease - waterborne leading causes -children under 5 - 88% of all diseases are caused by unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanitation, poor hygiene 2. displaced populations 3. political disputes, violence, wars Clean Water Act of 1972 - Answers lakes and rivers should be fishable and swimmable - all pollution discharges should be eliminated - prior to this there was no national standards. left up to states- not effective at state level point source pollution - Answers most comes from 1. municipal sewage 2. industrial discharges methods of point source pollution treatment - Answers sewage treatment plants septic systems septic systems - Answers 30% of homes use onsite septic systems -- functions as mini sewage treatment plants 1. waste separates to sludge and liquid 2. natural bacteria breaks down sludge 3. solids that settle at bottom- must be pumped out 4. liquids drain into septic field 5. natural bacteria in soil feed on and break down non-point source pollution - Answers - agricultural runoff is the leading source of water pollution in the US - urban runoff - air pollution deposited by rain ----more difficult to control than point source Safe Drinking Water Act (1974) - Answers EPA(federal) set standards but states enforce standards - goal: make water safe to drink - half of drinking water in the US comes from lakes and rivers - other half comes from underground aquifers drinking water treatment process - Answers 1. intake 2. coagulation and flocculation 3. sedimentation 4. filtration 5. disinfect 6. storage Primary standards - Answers 87 identified contaminants secondary contaminants - Answers affect taste, odor, color, discoloration of teeth coliform levels - Answers bacteria measured to see if disinfection was working turbidity levels - Answers can visually see - presence of suspended particles - indicates failure of sedimentation and filtration bottled water is regulated by EPA - Answers true bottled water is better than other drinking water - Answers not always - usually from municipal water sources- 44% - not fluoridated steps for clean water - Answers - prevent pollution - treat drinking water - restore quality in ecosystems most common food borne illness - Answers bacteria - salmonella - E. coli viruses - norovirus - hepatitis A - norwalk virus parasites - cyclospora - can be in sushi, sashimi, ceviche toxins - botulism-canned food - scombroid