Identify the three different types of muscle and describe their general appearance
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Skeletal: parallel & striated, multinuclei
Cardiac: branched, striated, uninuclei
Smooth: uninuceli, tapered at ends
describe the anatomy of a cardiac muscle cell and know what branch of the nervous
system innervates it
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•short, branched striated fibers
•1-2 nuclei per cell
•connected by intercalated discs
-gap junctions: electrical
, -desmosomes; mechanical
•innervated by autonomic nervous system
Describe how ATP is synthesized within skeletal muscle though creatine kinase,
glycolysis and aerobic respiration.
describe how ATP is synthesized within skeletal muscle through creatine kinase,
glycolysis, and aerobic respiration
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muscle cells have only a little ATP in storage
• stored ATP is spent after 5 seconds of intense exertion
3 ways to generate ATP in skeletal muscle fiber:
• immediate supply via phosphate transfer
•creatine kinase transfers Pi from creatine phosphate to ADP
• short-term supply via glycolysis
•does not require oxygen
•glucose (muscles glycogen or through blood) is converted to 2 pyruvate
molecules
• 2 ATP released per glucose molecule
•occurs in cytosol
• long-term supply via aerobic cellular respiration
•requires oxygen
•occurs within mitochondria
• NET 30 ATP (more ATP)
Define up-regulation and down-regulation and explain how it alters the sensitivity of
the cell to hormones
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, up-regulation: increase sensitivity, exercise & insulin sensitivity (acute)
down-regulation: reduce sensitivity, beta receptors, on the heart with
aging (chronic)
Describe the structure of the thyroid gland, the cells and the hormones they release
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• Follicular Cells: numerous, cuboidal, secrete T4/T3 – up-regulate the
number and activity of Na/K pumps
• Whole-body response
• Stimulate release of glucose (liver) and FFA(adipose) into the blood
• Parafollicular Cells: fewer in number, act to lower blood calcium
Describe the other organelles and structures found inside a skeletal muscle
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-mitochondria
-glycogen
-myoglobin
-triglycerides
Describe the pathway of force production
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Give this one a try later!
Skeletal: parallel & striated, multinuclei
Cardiac: branched, striated, uninuclei
Smooth: uninuceli, tapered at ends
describe the anatomy of a cardiac muscle cell and know what branch of the nervous
system innervates it
Give this one a try later!
•short, branched striated fibers
•1-2 nuclei per cell
•connected by intercalated discs
-gap junctions: electrical
, -desmosomes; mechanical
•innervated by autonomic nervous system
Describe how ATP is synthesized within skeletal muscle though creatine kinase,
glycolysis and aerobic respiration.
describe how ATP is synthesized within skeletal muscle through creatine kinase,
glycolysis, and aerobic respiration
Give this one a try later!
muscle cells have only a little ATP in storage
• stored ATP is spent after 5 seconds of intense exertion
3 ways to generate ATP in skeletal muscle fiber:
• immediate supply via phosphate transfer
•creatine kinase transfers Pi from creatine phosphate to ADP
• short-term supply via glycolysis
•does not require oxygen
•glucose (muscles glycogen or through blood) is converted to 2 pyruvate
molecules
• 2 ATP released per glucose molecule
•occurs in cytosol
• long-term supply via aerobic cellular respiration
•requires oxygen
•occurs within mitochondria
• NET 30 ATP (more ATP)
Define up-regulation and down-regulation and explain how it alters the sensitivity of
the cell to hormones
Give this one a try later!
, up-regulation: increase sensitivity, exercise & insulin sensitivity (acute)
down-regulation: reduce sensitivity, beta receptors, on the heart with
aging (chronic)
Describe the structure of the thyroid gland, the cells and the hormones they release
Give this one a try later!
• Follicular Cells: numerous, cuboidal, secrete T4/T3 – up-regulate the
number and activity of Na/K pumps
• Whole-body response
• Stimulate release of glucose (liver) and FFA(adipose) into the blood
• Parafollicular Cells: fewer in number, act to lower blood calcium
Describe the other organelles and structures found inside a skeletal muscle
Give this one a try later!
-mitochondria
-glycogen
-myoglobin
-triglycerides
Describe the pathway of force production
Give this one a try later!
