Explain the causes of anemia
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1. Iron deficiency - need dietary iron for rbc production since lose some
iron daily (not all iron is recycled or stored)
2. Vitamin B12 deficiency - need intrinsic factor from the stomach to absorb
this vitamin which is needed for rbc production. If are without intrinsic
factor (e.g. stomach removed due to cancer), get vitamin B12 deficiency
anemia
3. Bone marrow failure - destruction due to toxins, radiation,
chemotherapy, cancer invading bone marrow, or "idiopathic" - of unknown
cause. The anemia is called "aplastic anemia". (Aplastic means unable to
develop - there is a failure to develop
blood cells in the bone marrow.)
4. Inadequate erythropoietin in kidney disease
5. Hemolytic anemia - excessive rupture of red blood cells.
,Describe lengthening contraction
Give this one a try later!
The load is greater than the tension generated by cross bridge cycling - on
the way down from a sit-up is an example - you lower yourself slowly-
cross bridge cycling produces tension (if not resisting - producing tension -
you would crack your head) but there is a lengthening (gravity and the
weight of the torso causes the lengthening - of abdominal muscles
Describe the A band
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Darker- contains myosin- part of it actin overlaps into (actin filaments
interdigitate into the A band)
Describe the presence of gap junctions, and pacemaker potentials, the innervation,
and the form of action potential
Give this one a try later!
Gap junctions are present and action potentials can spread from cell to
cell
Pacemaker potentials exist in some cells of the heart (there is spontaneous
electrical activity in the heart); occurs in the pacemaker of the heart
Have ANS innervation since cardiac muscle is an autonomic effector
Have action potentials with a plateau; Ca++ enters the cell during the
plateau
,Describe Neutrophils
Give this one a try later!
Their granules don't stain much with either stain (they are sort of neutral to
the stains and their name means "neutral love") Neutrophils are expert
phagocytes (as are macrophages). Are important in infections with bacteria
and in inflammation
Describe sickle cell anemia
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Cells are more fragile than normal and easily rupture. It's due to the
inheritance of an abnormal gene for hemoglobin (a single DNA base
change!)
Describe the fight or flight reaction
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Stimulates adrenal medulla
Red blood cell production is regulated by a hormone from the _______
Give this one a try later!
, Kidney's
Explain the role of aerobic processes during moderate activity
Give this one a try later!
Aerobic pathway or processes (Kreb's Cycle or Citric acid cycle and
oxidative phosphorylation with the electron transport chain) supply the ATP
needed
O2 delivered is sufficient (enough "gets to" the cells)
ATP produced fast enough (since you are not contracting too fast or too
intensely)
Explain the events from ACh release at the somatic motor neuron to contraction of a
muscle fiber
Give this one a try later!
1. ACh is released from the somatic motor neuron, ACh binds to receptors
on the motor end plate and causes an EPP (end plate potential), the EPP
causes an action potential in the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle fiber.
2. The action potential occurs in the sarcolemma near the motor end plate.
The action potential gets to the interior of the cell via T tubule. The action
potential in the T tubule causes release of Ca++ from the SR. T tubule action
potential affects Ca++ release channels in the SR (an action potential in the
T tubule causes voltage- sensitile receptors in T tubules to open Ca++
channels in SR)
3) Ca^2+ binds to troponin
4) Tropomyosin is moved out of the way (actin's myosin cross bridge
binding sites are exposed)
5) Myosin cross bridges bind actin
6) Myosin cross bridges move and pull actin past myosin toward center of
sarcomere
Give this one a try later!
1. Iron deficiency - need dietary iron for rbc production since lose some
iron daily (not all iron is recycled or stored)
2. Vitamin B12 deficiency - need intrinsic factor from the stomach to absorb
this vitamin which is needed for rbc production. If are without intrinsic
factor (e.g. stomach removed due to cancer), get vitamin B12 deficiency
anemia
3. Bone marrow failure - destruction due to toxins, radiation,
chemotherapy, cancer invading bone marrow, or "idiopathic" - of unknown
cause. The anemia is called "aplastic anemia". (Aplastic means unable to
develop - there is a failure to develop
blood cells in the bone marrow.)
4. Inadequate erythropoietin in kidney disease
5. Hemolytic anemia - excessive rupture of red blood cells.
,Describe lengthening contraction
Give this one a try later!
The load is greater than the tension generated by cross bridge cycling - on
the way down from a sit-up is an example - you lower yourself slowly-
cross bridge cycling produces tension (if not resisting - producing tension -
you would crack your head) but there is a lengthening (gravity and the
weight of the torso causes the lengthening - of abdominal muscles
Describe the A band
Give this one a try later!
Darker- contains myosin- part of it actin overlaps into (actin filaments
interdigitate into the A band)
Describe the presence of gap junctions, and pacemaker potentials, the innervation,
and the form of action potential
Give this one a try later!
Gap junctions are present and action potentials can spread from cell to
cell
Pacemaker potentials exist in some cells of the heart (there is spontaneous
electrical activity in the heart); occurs in the pacemaker of the heart
Have ANS innervation since cardiac muscle is an autonomic effector
Have action potentials with a plateau; Ca++ enters the cell during the
plateau
,Describe Neutrophils
Give this one a try later!
Their granules don't stain much with either stain (they are sort of neutral to
the stains and their name means "neutral love") Neutrophils are expert
phagocytes (as are macrophages). Are important in infections with bacteria
and in inflammation
Describe sickle cell anemia
Give this one a try later!
Cells are more fragile than normal and easily rupture. It's due to the
inheritance of an abnormal gene for hemoglobin (a single DNA base
change!)
Describe the fight or flight reaction
Give this one a try later!
Stimulates adrenal medulla
Red blood cell production is regulated by a hormone from the _______
Give this one a try later!
, Kidney's
Explain the role of aerobic processes during moderate activity
Give this one a try later!
Aerobic pathway or processes (Kreb's Cycle or Citric acid cycle and
oxidative phosphorylation with the electron transport chain) supply the ATP
needed
O2 delivered is sufficient (enough "gets to" the cells)
ATP produced fast enough (since you are not contracting too fast or too
intensely)
Explain the events from ACh release at the somatic motor neuron to contraction of a
muscle fiber
Give this one a try later!
1. ACh is released from the somatic motor neuron, ACh binds to receptors
on the motor end plate and causes an EPP (end plate potential), the EPP
causes an action potential in the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle fiber.
2. The action potential occurs in the sarcolemma near the motor end plate.
The action potential gets to the interior of the cell via T tubule. The action
potential in the T tubule causes release of Ca++ from the SR. T tubule action
potential affects Ca++ release channels in the SR (an action potential in the
T tubule causes voltage- sensitile receptors in T tubules to open Ca++
channels in SR)
3) Ca^2+ binds to troponin
4) Tropomyosin is moved out of the way (actin's myosin cross bridge
binding sites are exposed)
5) Myosin cross bridges bind actin
6) Myosin cross bridges move and pull actin past myosin toward center of
sarcomere
