SOLUTION MANUAL FOR
Fundamentals of Financial Accounting 7e Phillips
Chapter 1-13 with Appendix C&D
Chapter 1
Business Decisions and Financial Accounting
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
1. Accounting is a system of analyzing, recording, and summarizing the results of a
business‘s activities and then reporting them to decision makers.
2. An advantage of operating as a sole proprietorship, rather than a corporation, is that it is
easy to establish. Another advantage is that income from a sole proprietorship is taxed only
once in the hands of the individual proprietor (income from a corporation is taxed in the
corporation and then again in the hands of the individual shareholder). A disadvantage of
operating as a sole proprietorship, rather than a corporation, is that the individual proprietor
can be held responsible for the debts of the business.
3. Financial accounting focuses on preparing and using the financial statements that are made
available to owners and external users such as customers, creditors, and potential investors
who are interested in reading them. Managerial accounting focuses on other accounting
reports that are not released to the general public, but instead are prepared for internal
decision making and used by employees, supervisors, and managers who run the company.
4. Financial reports are used by both internal and external groups and individuals. The internal
groups are comprised of the various managers of the business. The external groups include
investors, creditors, governmental agencies, other interested parties, and the public at large.
5. The business itself, not the individual stockholders who own the business, is viewed as owning
the assets and owing the liabilities on its balance sheet. A business‘s balance sheet includes
the assets, liabilities, and stockholders‘ equity of only that business and not the personal
assets, liabilities, and equity of the stockholders. The financial statements of a company show
the results of the business activities of only that company.
Fundamentals of Financial 1-1
Accounting, 7/e
© 2022 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
,6. (a) Operating – These activities are directly related to earning profits. They include buying
supplies, making products, serving customers, cleaning the premises, advertising, renting a
building, repairing equipment, and obtaining insurance coverage.
(b) Investing – These activities involve buying and selling productive resources with long lives
(such as buildings, land, equipment, and tools), purchasing investments, and lending to others.
(c) Financing – Any borrowing from banks, repaying bank loans, receiving contributions
from stockholders, or paying dividends to stockholders are considered financing activities.
7. The heading of each of the four primary financial statements should include the
following:
(a) Name of the business
(b) Name of the statement
(c) Date of the statement, or the period of time that the statement covers
8. (a) The purpose of the balance sheet is to report the financial position (assets, liabilities
and stockholders‘ equity) of a business at a point in time.
(b) The purpose of the income statement is to present information about the
revenues, expenses, and net income of a business for a specified period of time.
(c) The statement of retained earnings reports the way that net income and the
distribution of dividends affected the financial position of the company during the period.
(d) The purpose of the statement of cash flows is to summarize how a business‘s operating,
investing, and financing activities caused its cash balance to change over a particular
period of time.
9. The income statement, statement of retained earnings, and statement of cash flows would be
dated ―For the Year Ended December 31, 2021,‖ because they report the inflows and
outflows of resources over a period of time. In contrast, the balance sheet would be dated
―At December 31, 2021,‖ because it represents the assets, liabilities and stockholders‘
equity at a specific date.
10. Net income is the excess of total revenues over total expenses. A net loss occurs if total
expenses exceed total revenues.
11. The accounting equation for the balance sheet is: Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders‘ Equity.
Assets are the economic resources controlled by the company. Liabilities are amounts owed
by the business. Stockholders‘ equity is the owners‘ claims to the business. It includes amounts
contributed to the business (by investors through purchasing the company‘s stock) and the
amounts earned and accumulated through profitable business operations.
Fundamentals of Financial 1-2
Accounting, 7/e
© 2022 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
,12. The /xequation /xfor /xthe /xincome /xstatement /xis /xRevenues /x – /xExpenses /x= /xNet /xIncome.
/ x Revenues /xare /xincreases /xin /xa /xcompany‘s /xresources, /xarising /xprimarily /xfrom /xits
/ x operating /xactivities. / x Expenses /xare /xdecreases /xin /xa /xcompany‘s /xresources, /xarising
/ x primarily /xfrom /xits /xoperating /xactivities. /xNet /xIncome /xis /xequal /xto /xrevenues /xminus
/ x expenses. / x (If /xexpenses /xare /xgreater /xthan /xrevenues, /xthe /xcompany /xhas /xa /xNet /xLoss.) /x
13. The /xequation /xfor /xthe /xstatement /xof /xretained /xearnings /xis: /xBeginning / x Retained /xEarnings
/ x + / x Net /xIncome /x- /xDividends /x= /xEnding /xRetained /xEarnings. /xIt /xbegins /xwith / x beginning-of-
the-year /xretained /xearnings /xwhich /xis /xthe /xprior /xyear‘s /xending /xretained / x earnings
/xreported /xon /xthe /xprior /xyear‘s /xbalance /xsheet. / x The /xcurrent /xyear's /xnet /xincome / x reported
/xon /xthe /xincome /xstatement /xis /xadded /xand /xthe /xcurrent /xyear's /xdividends /xare / x subtracted
/xfrom /xthis /xamount. /x(If /xa /xnet /xloss /xoccurs, /xIt /xwould /xbe /xsubtracted, /xalong /xwith / x the
/xdividends, /xfrom /xthe /xprior /xyear‘s /xending /xretained /xearnings /xbalance.)The /xending
/ x retained /xearnings /xamount /xis /xreported /xon /xthe /xend-of-year /xbalance /xsheet. /x14. /x /x / x The
/ x equation /xfor /xthe /xstatement /xof /xcash /xflows /xis: /xCash /xflows /xfrom /xoperating /xactivities /x+
/ x Cash /xflows /xfrom /xinvesting /xactivities /x+ /xCash /xflows /xfrom /xfinancing /xactivities /x= /xChange
/ x in /xcash /xfor /xthe /xperiod. /xChange /xin /xcash /xfor /xthe /xperiod /x+ /xBeginning /xcash /xbalance /x=
/ x Ending /xcash /xbalance. / x The /xnet /xcash /xflows /xfor /xthe /xperiod /xrepresent /xthe /xincrease /xor
/ x decrease /xin /xcash /xthat /xoccurred /xduring /xthe /xperiod. / x Cash /xflows /xfrom /xoperating
/ x activities /xare /xcash /xflows /xdirectly /xrelated /xto /xearning /xincome /x(normal /xbusiness /x
/ x activity). /xCash /xflows /xfrom /xinvesting /xactivities /xinclude /xcash /xflows /xthat /xare /xrelated /xto
/ x the /xacquisition /xor /xsale /xof /xthe /xcompany‘s /xlong-term /xassets. /xCash /xflows /xfrom /xfinancing
/ x activities /xare /xdirectly /xrelated /xto /xthe /xfinancing /xof /xthe /xcompany. /x
15. Currently, /xthe /xFinancial /xAccounting /xStandards /xBoard /x(FASB) /xis /xgiven /xthe /xprimary
/ x responsibility /xfor /xsetting /xthe /xdetailed /xrules /xthat /xbecome /xGenerally /xAccepted
/ x Accounting /xPrinciples /x(GAAP) /xin /xthe /xUnited /xStates. /x(Internationally, /xthe
/ x International /xAccounting /xStandards /xBoard /x(IASB) /xhas /xthe /xresponsibility /xfor /xsetting
/ x accounting /xrules /xknown /xas /xInternational /xFinancial /xReporting /xStandards /x(IFRS).) /x
16. The /xmain /xgoal /xof /xaccounting /xrules /xis /xto /xensure /xthat /xcompanies /xproduce /xuseful
/ x financial /xinformation /xfor /xpresent /xand /xpotential /xinvestors, /xlenders, /xand /xother /xcreditors
/ x in /xmaking /xdecisions /xin /xtheir /xcapacity /xas /xcapital /xproviders. /x / x Financial /xinformation
/ x must /xshow /xrelevance /xand /xfaithful /xrepresentation, /xas /xwell /xas /xbe /xcomparable,
/ x verifiable, /xtimely, /xand /xunderstandable. /x
© 2022 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
, Fundamentals /xof /xFinancial 1-3
/xAccounting, /x7/e
© 2022 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Fundamentals of Financial Accounting 7e Phillips
Chapter 1-13 with Appendix C&D
Chapter 1
Business Decisions and Financial Accounting
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
1. Accounting is a system of analyzing, recording, and summarizing the results of a
business‘s activities and then reporting them to decision makers.
2. An advantage of operating as a sole proprietorship, rather than a corporation, is that it is
easy to establish. Another advantage is that income from a sole proprietorship is taxed only
once in the hands of the individual proprietor (income from a corporation is taxed in the
corporation and then again in the hands of the individual shareholder). A disadvantage of
operating as a sole proprietorship, rather than a corporation, is that the individual proprietor
can be held responsible for the debts of the business.
3. Financial accounting focuses on preparing and using the financial statements that are made
available to owners and external users such as customers, creditors, and potential investors
who are interested in reading them. Managerial accounting focuses on other accounting
reports that are not released to the general public, but instead are prepared for internal
decision making and used by employees, supervisors, and managers who run the company.
4. Financial reports are used by both internal and external groups and individuals. The internal
groups are comprised of the various managers of the business. The external groups include
investors, creditors, governmental agencies, other interested parties, and the public at large.
5. The business itself, not the individual stockholders who own the business, is viewed as owning
the assets and owing the liabilities on its balance sheet. A business‘s balance sheet includes
the assets, liabilities, and stockholders‘ equity of only that business and not the personal
assets, liabilities, and equity of the stockholders. The financial statements of a company show
the results of the business activities of only that company.
Fundamentals of Financial 1-1
Accounting, 7/e
© 2022 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
,6. (a) Operating – These activities are directly related to earning profits. They include buying
supplies, making products, serving customers, cleaning the premises, advertising, renting a
building, repairing equipment, and obtaining insurance coverage.
(b) Investing – These activities involve buying and selling productive resources with long lives
(such as buildings, land, equipment, and tools), purchasing investments, and lending to others.
(c) Financing – Any borrowing from banks, repaying bank loans, receiving contributions
from stockholders, or paying dividends to stockholders are considered financing activities.
7. The heading of each of the four primary financial statements should include the
following:
(a) Name of the business
(b) Name of the statement
(c) Date of the statement, or the period of time that the statement covers
8. (a) The purpose of the balance sheet is to report the financial position (assets, liabilities
and stockholders‘ equity) of a business at a point in time.
(b) The purpose of the income statement is to present information about the
revenues, expenses, and net income of a business for a specified period of time.
(c) The statement of retained earnings reports the way that net income and the
distribution of dividends affected the financial position of the company during the period.
(d) The purpose of the statement of cash flows is to summarize how a business‘s operating,
investing, and financing activities caused its cash balance to change over a particular
period of time.
9. The income statement, statement of retained earnings, and statement of cash flows would be
dated ―For the Year Ended December 31, 2021,‖ because they report the inflows and
outflows of resources over a period of time. In contrast, the balance sheet would be dated
―At December 31, 2021,‖ because it represents the assets, liabilities and stockholders‘
equity at a specific date.
10. Net income is the excess of total revenues over total expenses. A net loss occurs if total
expenses exceed total revenues.
11. The accounting equation for the balance sheet is: Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders‘ Equity.
Assets are the economic resources controlled by the company. Liabilities are amounts owed
by the business. Stockholders‘ equity is the owners‘ claims to the business. It includes amounts
contributed to the business (by investors through purchasing the company‘s stock) and the
amounts earned and accumulated through profitable business operations.
Fundamentals of Financial 1-2
Accounting, 7/e
© 2022 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
,12. The /xequation /xfor /xthe /xincome /xstatement /xis /xRevenues /x – /xExpenses /x= /xNet /xIncome.
/ x Revenues /xare /xincreases /xin /xa /xcompany‘s /xresources, /xarising /xprimarily /xfrom /xits
/ x operating /xactivities. / x Expenses /xare /xdecreases /xin /xa /xcompany‘s /xresources, /xarising
/ x primarily /xfrom /xits /xoperating /xactivities. /xNet /xIncome /xis /xequal /xto /xrevenues /xminus
/ x expenses. / x (If /xexpenses /xare /xgreater /xthan /xrevenues, /xthe /xcompany /xhas /xa /xNet /xLoss.) /x
13. The /xequation /xfor /xthe /xstatement /xof /xretained /xearnings /xis: /xBeginning / x Retained /xEarnings
/ x + / x Net /xIncome /x- /xDividends /x= /xEnding /xRetained /xEarnings. /xIt /xbegins /xwith / x beginning-of-
the-year /xretained /xearnings /xwhich /xis /xthe /xprior /xyear‘s /xending /xretained / x earnings
/xreported /xon /xthe /xprior /xyear‘s /xbalance /xsheet. / x The /xcurrent /xyear's /xnet /xincome / x reported
/xon /xthe /xincome /xstatement /xis /xadded /xand /xthe /xcurrent /xyear's /xdividends /xare / x subtracted
/xfrom /xthis /xamount. /x(If /xa /xnet /xloss /xoccurs, /xIt /xwould /xbe /xsubtracted, /xalong /xwith / x the
/xdividends, /xfrom /xthe /xprior /xyear‘s /xending /xretained /xearnings /xbalance.)The /xending
/ x retained /xearnings /xamount /xis /xreported /xon /xthe /xend-of-year /xbalance /xsheet. /x14. /x /x / x The
/ x equation /xfor /xthe /xstatement /xof /xcash /xflows /xis: /xCash /xflows /xfrom /xoperating /xactivities /x+
/ x Cash /xflows /xfrom /xinvesting /xactivities /x+ /xCash /xflows /xfrom /xfinancing /xactivities /x= /xChange
/ x in /xcash /xfor /xthe /xperiod. /xChange /xin /xcash /xfor /xthe /xperiod /x+ /xBeginning /xcash /xbalance /x=
/ x Ending /xcash /xbalance. / x The /xnet /xcash /xflows /xfor /xthe /xperiod /xrepresent /xthe /xincrease /xor
/ x decrease /xin /xcash /xthat /xoccurred /xduring /xthe /xperiod. / x Cash /xflows /xfrom /xoperating
/ x activities /xare /xcash /xflows /xdirectly /xrelated /xto /xearning /xincome /x(normal /xbusiness /x
/ x activity). /xCash /xflows /xfrom /xinvesting /xactivities /xinclude /xcash /xflows /xthat /xare /xrelated /xto
/ x the /xacquisition /xor /xsale /xof /xthe /xcompany‘s /xlong-term /xassets. /xCash /xflows /xfrom /xfinancing
/ x activities /xare /xdirectly /xrelated /xto /xthe /xfinancing /xof /xthe /xcompany. /x
15. Currently, /xthe /xFinancial /xAccounting /xStandards /xBoard /x(FASB) /xis /xgiven /xthe /xprimary
/ x responsibility /xfor /xsetting /xthe /xdetailed /xrules /xthat /xbecome /xGenerally /xAccepted
/ x Accounting /xPrinciples /x(GAAP) /xin /xthe /xUnited /xStates. /x(Internationally, /xthe
/ x International /xAccounting /xStandards /xBoard /x(IASB) /xhas /xthe /xresponsibility /xfor /xsetting
/ x accounting /xrules /xknown /xas /xInternational /xFinancial /xReporting /xStandards /x(IFRS).) /x
16. The /xmain /xgoal /xof /xaccounting /xrules /xis /xto /xensure /xthat /xcompanies /xproduce /xuseful
/ x financial /xinformation /xfor /xpresent /xand /xpotential /xinvestors, /xlenders, /xand /xother /xcreditors
/ x in /xmaking /xdecisions /xin /xtheir /xcapacity /xas /xcapital /xproviders. /x / x Financial /xinformation
/ x must /xshow /xrelevance /xand /xfaithful /xrepresentation, /xas /xwell /xas /xbe /xcomparable,
/ x verifiable, /xtimely, /xand /xunderstandable. /x
© 2022 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
, Fundamentals /xof /xFinancial 1-3
/xAccounting, /x7/e
© 2022 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
