RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY EXAM NEWEST
UPDATE 2026 QUESTIONS FROM ACTUAL EXAM 200
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS INSTANT PDF
DOWNLOAD GRADED A+
1. Which design best allows causal inference while controlling for confounding variables?
A. Correlational design
B. Case study
C. Randomized controlled experiment
D. Cross-sectional survey
Answer: C. RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT
Random assignment and manipulation of variables allow causal conclusions.
2. A researcher manipulates sleep duration and measures memory performance. Sleep
duration is the:
A. Dependent variable
B. Confounding variable
C. Independent variable
D. Mediator variable
Answer: C. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
It is the variable being manipulated.
3. Which validity is most threatened by poor sampling techniques?
A. Construct validity
B. External validity
C. Internal validity
D. Face validity
Answer: B. EXTERNAL VALIDITY
Sampling affects generalizability to the population.
4. A Type I error occurs when:
A. A false null hypothesis is accepted
B. A true null hypothesis is rejected
C. A study lacks power
D. Effect size is underestimated
Answer: B. A TRUE NULL HYPOTHESIS IS REJECTED
It is a false positive.
5. Which measure is least affected by extreme scores?
A. Mean
B. Range
C. Standard deviation
D. Median
Answer: D. MEDIAN
Median is robust to outliers.
6. In factorial designs, an interaction effect means:
A. Variables are unrelated
B. One IV has no effect
C. Effect of one IV depends on another IV
, D. DV is invalid
Answer: C. EFFECT OF ONE IV DEPENDS ON ANOTHER IV
Interaction reflects combined influence.
7. Which correlation coefficient indicates strongest relationship?
A. -0.45
B. +0.30
C. -0.80
D. +0.60
Answer: C. -0.80
Strength is based on absolute value.
8. The purpose of random assignment is to:
A. Increase sample size
B. Eliminate measurement error
C. Equalize participant differences across groups
D. Ensure representativeness
Answer: C. EQUALIZE PARTICIPANT DIFFERENCES ACROSS GROUPS
It reduces selection bias.
9. A longitudinal study is defined by:
A. Studying one group at one time
B. Studying different people at different times
C. Studying same participants over time
D. Studying experiments in labs
Answer: C. STUDYING SAME PARTICIPANTS OVER TIME
Tracks change across time.
10. Reliability refers to:
A. Accuracy of measurement
B. Consistency of measurement
C. Validity of results
D. Causality of results
Answer: B. CONSISTENCY OF MEASUREMENT
Reliable measures produce stable results.
11. Which sampling method gives every member equal chance?
A. Stratified sampling
B. Convenience sampling
C. Random sampling
D. Quota sampling
Answer: C. RANDOM SAMPLING
Each individual has equal probability.
12. A p-value less than 0.05 indicates:
A. Null hypothesis is true
B. Results are practically significant
C. Results are statistically significant
D. No sampling error
Answer: C. RESULTS ARE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT
Evidence against null hypothesis.
,13. Demand characteristics threaten:
A. External validity
B. Internal validity
C. Construct validity
D. Reliability
Answer: C. CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
Participants may alter behavior.
14. Which graph is best for categorical frequency data?
A. Scatterplot
B. Histogram
C. Bar chart
D. Line graph
Answer: C. BAR CHART
Represents categories clearly.
15. Standard deviation measures:
A. Central tendency
B. Spread around mean
C. Correlation strength
D. Probability error
Answer: B. SPREAD AROUND MEAN
Indicates variability.
16. A placebo is used to control for:
A. Sampling bias
B. Expectancy effects
C. Measurement error
D. Random error
Answer: B. EXPECTANCY EFFECTS
Controls psychological influence.
17. Which is a non-probability sampling method?
A. Simple random sampling
B. Systematic sampling
C. Stratified sampling
D. Convenience sampling
Answer: D. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
Based on availability.
18. Construct validity refers to:
A. Accuracy of sampling
B. Measurement of theoretical concept
C. Stability over time
D. Statistical power
Answer: B. MEASUREMENT OF THEORETICAL CONCEPT
Measures what it claims.
19. A positive correlation means:
A. Variables move in opposite directions
B. No relationship exists
C. Variables move in same direction
, D. Causation is proven
Answer: C. VARIABLES MOVE IN SAME DIRECTION
Both increase or decrease together.
20. Which test compares means of two independent groups?
A. Chi-square
B. Paired t-test
C. Independent samples t-test
D. ANOVA
Answer: C. INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T-TEST
Used for two unrelated groups.
21. In experimental research, control group:
A. Receives treatment
B. Receives no treatment
C. Always placebo only
D. Is manipulated variable
Answer: B. RECEIVES NO TREATMENT
Serves as baseline.
22. Double-blind procedure reduces:
A. Sampling error
B. Experimenter and participant bias
C. Statistical error
D. Randomization issues
Answer: B. EXPERIMENTER AND PARTICIPANT BIAS
Prevents expectancy effects.
23. Which scale has true zero point?
A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
C. Interval
D. Ratio
Answer: D. RATIO
Zero means absence of quantity.
24. Median is best used when data is:
A. Normally distributed
B. Highly skewed
C. Categorical
D. Nominal
Answer: B. HIGHLY SKEWED
Less affected by extremes.
25. Operational definition means:
A. Theoretical explanation
B. Measurement of variable in observable terms
C. Hypothesis statement
D. Statistical result
Answer: B. MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLE IN OBSERVABLE TERMS
Defines how variables are measured.
UPDATE 2026 QUESTIONS FROM ACTUAL EXAM 200
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS INSTANT PDF
DOWNLOAD GRADED A+
1. Which design best allows causal inference while controlling for confounding variables?
A. Correlational design
B. Case study
C. Randomized controlled experiment
D. Cross-sectional survey
Answer: C. RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT
Random assignment and manipulation of variables allow causal conclusions.
2. A researcher manipulates sleep duration and measures memory performance. Sleep
duration is the:
A. Dependent variable
B. Confounding variable
C. Independent variable
D. Mediator variable
Answer: C. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
It is the variable being manipulated.
3. Which validity is most threatened by poor sampling techniques?
A. Construct validity
B. External validity
C. Internal validity
D. Face validity
Answer: B. EXTERNAL VALIDITY
Sampling affects generalizability to the population.
4. A Type I error occurs when:
A. A false null hypothesis is accepted
B. A true null hypothesis is rejected
C. A study lacks power
D. Effect size is underestimated
Answer: B. A TRUE NULL HYPOTHESIS IS REJECTED
It is a false positive.
5. Which measure is least affected by extreme scores?
A. Mean
B. Range
C. Standard deviation
D. Median
Answer: D. MEDIAN
Median is robust to outliers.
6. In factorial designs, an interaction effect means:
A. Variables are unrelated
B. One IV has no effect
C. Effect of one IV depends on another IV
, D. DV is invalid
Answer: C. EFFECT OF ONE IV DEPENDS ON ANOTHER IV
Interaction reflects combined influence.
7. Which correlation coefficient indicates strongest relationship?
A. -0.45
B. +0.30
C. -0.80
D. +0.60
Answer: C. -0.80
Strength is based on absolute value.
8. The purpose of random assignment is to:
A. Increase sample size
B. Eliminate measurement error
C. Equalize participant differences across groups
D. Ensure representativeness
Answer: C. EQUALIZE PARTICIPANT DIFFERENCES ACROSS GROUPS
It reduces selection bias.
9. A longitudinal study is defined by:
A. Studying one group at one time
B. Studying different people at different times
C. Studying same participants over time
D. Studying experiments in labs
Answer: C. STUDYING SAME PARTICIPANTS OVER TIME
Tracks change across time.
10. Reliability refers to:
A. Accuracy of measurement
B. Consistency of measurement
C. Validity of results
D. Causality of results
Answer: B. CONSISTENCY OF MEASUREMENT
Reliable measures produce stable results.
11. Which sampling method gives every member equal chance?
A. Stratified sampling
B. Convenience sampling
C. Random sampling
D. Quota sampling
Answer: C. RANDOM SAMPLING
Each individual has equal probability.
12. A p-value less than 0.05 indicates:
A. Null hypothesis is true
B. Results are practically significant
C. Results are statistically significant
D. No sampling error
Answer: C. RESULTS ARE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT
Evidence against null hypothesis.
,13. Demand characteristics threaten:
A. External validity
B. Internal validity
C. Construct validity
D. Reliability
Answer: C. CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
Participants may alter behavior.
14. Which graph is best for categorical frequency data?
A. Scatterplot
B. Histogram
C. Bar chart
D. Line graph
Answer: C. BAR CHART
Represents categories clearly.
15. Standard deviation measures:
A. Central tendency
B. Spread around mean
C. Correlation strength
D. Probability error
Answer: B. SPREAD AROUND MEAN
Indicates variability.
16. A placebo is used to control for:
A. Sampling bias
B. Expectancy effects
C. Measurement error
D. Random error
Answer: B. EXPECTANCY EFFECTS
Controls psychological influence.
17. Which is a non-probability sampling method?
A. Simple random sampling
B. Systematic sampling
C. Stratified sampling
D. Convenience sampling
Answer: D. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
Based on availability.
18. Construct validity refers to:
A. Accuracy of sampling
B. Measurement of theoretical concept
C. Stability over time
D. Statistical power
Answer: B. MEASUREMENT OF THEORETICAL CONCEPT
Measures what it claims.
19. A positive correlation means:
A. Variables move in opposite directions
B. No relationship exists
C. Variables move in same direction
, D. Causation is proven
Answer: C. VARIABLES MOVE IN SAME DIRECTION
Both increase or decrease together.
20. Which test compares means of two independent groups?
A. Chi-square
B. Paired t-test
C. Independent samples t-test
D. ANOVA
Answer: C. INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T-TEST
Used for two unrelated groups.
21. In experimental research, control group:
A. Receives treatment
B. Receives no treatment
C. Always placebo only
D. Is manipulated variable
Answer: B. RECEIVES NO TREATMENT
Serves as baseline.
22. Double-blind procedure reduces:
A. Sampling error
B. Experimenter and participant bias
C. Statistical error
D. Randomization issues
Answer: B. EXPERIMENTER AND PARTICIPANT BIAS
Prevents expectancy effects.
23. Which scale has true zero point?
A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
C. Interval
D. Ratio
Answer: D. RATIO
Zero means absence of quantity.
24. Median is best used when data is:
A. Normally distributed
B. Highly skewed
C. Categorical
D. Nominal
Answer: B. HIGHLY SKEWED
Less affected by extremes.
25. Operational definition means:
A. Theoretical explanation
B. Measurement of variable in observable terms
C. Hypothesis statement
D. Statistical result
Answer: B. MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLE IN OBSERVABLE TERMS
Defines how variables are measured.
