Exam One Study Guide 1
Chapter 2
I. Digestion
A. Movement of food through the digestive tract
-Mouth to anus. Muscular methods: chewing, stomach churns, peristalsis (moves
through intestinal tract. Chemical: mastication, pepsin, hydrochloric acid, mucus
protects walls of stomach from stomach acid, end products: glucose, fatty acids,
amino acids
1. Muscular
a. Mouth – mastication
b. Esophagus –
(1) Upper esophageal sphincter (UES)
m
(2) Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
er as
c. Stomach
co
(1) Kneading and churning
eH w
d. Small intestine
o.
(1) peristalsis
rs e
e. End Products of Digestion
ou urc
(1) Review Tables 2-2 & 2-3 on page 35
2. Chemical
a. Mouth
o
(1) Salivary amylase
aC s
(2) Saliva
vi y re
(3) Mucous
b. Stomach
(1) hydrochloric acid: Stomach acid
(2) Mucus: Protects stomach from hydrochloric acids
ed d
(3) Enzymes
ar stu
c. Small intestine: Nutrient absorption
(1) Enzymes
(2) Mucus
(3) Hormones
is
(4) Bile
Th
(a) Emulsifies fat
(b) Produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
II. Absorption
A. Small intestine
sh
1. Absorbs most of the nutrients
B. Large intestine
1. Primary task is the absorption of water (5 – 8 L/day)
2. Mineral absorption
(1) Sodium and other electrolytes
3. Vitamin absorption
10/12/2016
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, Exam One Study Guide 2
(1) Vitamin K and biotin
4. Waste elimination
C. Lactose intolerance – inability to digest lactose
1. Intolerance varies by individual
2. Stems from a deficiency of the enzyme lactase
3. Not the same as a milk allergy
D. Prebiotics
1. Undigested carbohydrates that pass into the colon and ferment: causes good
bacteria
2. Stimulate the growth and activity of healthy bacteria
a. Increased immune function
b. Mineral absorption
c. Relieves constipation
d. Colon Cancer – may help destroy cancer cells and toxic enzymes
E. Probiotics
m
er as
1. Live microorganisms
a. In correct amounts may result in health benefits.
co
eH w
2. Lactic – acid most common: muscles produce after working out
3. Clinical applications
o.
a. Diarrhea
rs e
b. Inflammatory bowel disease
ou urc
c. Inhibition of H. Pylori: major cause of peptic ulcers
d. Lactose intolerance
III. Metabolism
o
A. Carbohydrates
aC s
1. Primary & preferred energy source
vi y re
a. Glucose: all carbs break down into glucose
(1) Metabolized by liver
(2) Hormonal control
(a) Insulin – only hormone that can lower blood glucose
ed d
(b) Glucagon – one of the hormones that can elevate blood glucose
ar stu
(c) Steroids, epinephrine, thyroxine, somatostatin and growth hormone
can also elevate blood glucose.
is
B. Lipids
1. Interrelated with glucose re: involve carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but in
Th
different amounts
2. Absorbed from small intestine and metabolized in liver (page 44)
C. Protein: same components as carbs and lipids but add nitrogen
sh
1. Balance between anabolism and catabolism
IV. Accessory Organs of Digestion
A. Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder
Chapter 3
10/12/2016
This study source was downloaded by 100000805705997 from CourseHero.com on 04-30-2021 06:57:41 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/24124677/Nutrition-Exam-1-study-guidedocx/
Chapter 2
I. Digestion
A. Movement of food through the digestive tract
-Mouth to anus. Muscular methods: chewing, stomach churns, peristalsis (moves
through intestinal tract. Chemical: mastication, pepsin, hydrochloric acid, mucus
protects walls of stomach from stomach acid, end products: glucose, fatty acids,
amino acids
1. Muscular
a. Mouth – mastication
b. Esophagus –
(1) Upper esophageal sphincter (UES)
m
(2) Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
er as
c. Stomach
co
(1) Kneading and churning
eH w
d. Small intestine
o.
(1) peristalsis
rs e
e. End Products of Digestion
ou urc
(1) Review Tables 2-2 & 2-3 on page 35
2. Chemical
a. Mouth
o
(1) Salivary amylase
aC s
(2) Saliva
vi y re
(3) Mucous
b. Stomach
(1) hydrochloric acid: Stomach acid
(2) Mucus: Protects stomach from hydrochloric acids
ed d
(3) Enzymes
ar stu
c. Small intestine: Nutrient absorption
(1) Enzymes
(2) Mucus
(3) Hormones
is
(4) Bile
Th
(a) Emulsifies fat
(b) Produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
II. Absorption
A. Small intestine
sh
1. Absorbs most of the nutrients
B. Large intestine
1. Primary task is the absorption of water (5 – 8 L/day)
2. Mineral absorption
(1) Sodium and other electrolytes
3. Vitamin absorption
10/12/2016
This study source was downloaded by 100000805705997 from CourseHero.com on 04-30-2021 06:57:40 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/24124677/Nutrition-Exam-1-study-guidedocx/
, Exam One Study Guide 2
(1) Vitamin K and biotin
4. Waste elimination
C. Lactose intolerance – inability to digest lactose
1. Intolerance varies by individual
2. Stems from a deficiency of the enzyme lactase
3. Not the same as a milk allergy
D. Prebiotics
1. Undigested carbohydrates that pass into the colon and ferment: causes good
bacteria
2. Stimulate the growth and activity of healthy bacteria
a. Increased immune function
b. Mineral absorption
c. Relieves constipation
d. Colon Cancer – may help destroy cancer cells and toxic enzymes
E. Probiotics
m
er as
1. Live microorganisms
a. In correct amounts may result in health benefits.
co
eH w
2. Lactic – acid most common: muscles produce after working out
3. Clinical applications
o.
a. Diarrhea
rs e
b. Inflammatory bowel disease
ou urc
c. Inhibition of H. Pylori: major cause of peptic ulcers
d. Lactose intolerance
III. Metabolism
o
A. Carbohydrates
aC s
1. Primary & preferred energy source
vi y re
a. Glucose: all carbs break down into glucose
(1) Metabolized by liver
(2) Hormonal control
(a) Insulin – only hormone that can lower blood glucose
ed d
(b) Glucagon – one of the hormones that can elevate blood glucose
ar stu
(c) Steroids, epinephrine, thyroxine, somatostatin and growth hormone
can also elevate blood glucose.
is
B. Lipids
1. Interrelated with glucose re: involve carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but in
Th
different amounts
2. Absorbed from small intestine and metabolized in liver (page 44)
C. Protein: same components as carbs and lipids but add nitrogen
sh
1. Balance between anabolism and catabolism
IV. Accessory Organs of Digestion
A. Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder
Chapter 3
10/12/2016
This study source was downloaded by 100000805705997 from CourseHero.com on 04-30-2021 06:57:41 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/24124677/Nutrition-Exam-1-study-guidedocx/
