[Solved] NUR1172 Exam One Study Guide

Exam One Study Guide 1


Chapter 2

I. DIGESTION:
A. Movement of food through the digestive tract:
1. Muscular (mechanical)
a. Mouth
a. mastication
b. Esophagus –
(1) Upper esophageal sphincter (UES)
(2) Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
c. Stomach
(1) Kneading and churning
d. Small intestine
(1) peristalsis
e. End Products of Digestion (tables 2-2 & 2-3 on page 35)




m
er as
(1) Carbohydrates = Glucose
(2) Protein = Amino acids




co
eH w
(3) Lipids = fatty acids (monoglycerides)
2. CHEMICALS




o.
a. Mouth
rs e
(1) Salivary amylase
ou urc
(2) Saliva
(3) Mucous (protects walls of stomach from hydrochloric acid)
o

b. Stomach
aC s


(1) hydrochloric acid
vi y re


(2) Mucus
(3) Enzymes
c. Small intestine
(1) Enzymes
ed d




(2) Mucus
ar stu




(3) Hormones
(4) Bile
 Emulsifies fat
is




 Produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
 The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile
Th




 Lipid break down would be slower if gallbladder is removed
II. ABSORPTION:
A. Small intestine
sh




1. Absorbs most of the nutrients (majority of nutrients)
B. Large intestine
1. Primary task is the absorption of water (5 – 8 L/day)
2. Mineral absorption
 Sodium and other electrolytes
3. Vitamin absorption

10/12/2016
This study source was downloaded by 100000805705997 from CourseHero.com on 04-30-2021 06:52:46 GMT -05:00


https://www.coursehero.com/file/20128304/Exam-One-Study-Guide/

, Exam One Study Guide 2


 Vitamin K and biotin
4. Waste elimination
C. Lactose intolerance – inability to digest lactose (body doesn’t produce enough

lactase)
1. Intolerance varies by individual
2. Stems from a deficiency of the enzyme lactase
3. Not the same as a milk allergy (allergy to the protein)
D. Prebiotics
1. Undigested carbohydrates that pass into the colon and ferment
2. Stimulate the growth and activity of healthy bacteria
a. Increased immune function
b. Mineral absorption
c. Relieves constipation
d. Colon Cancer – may help destroy cancer cells and toxic enzymes
E. Probiotics




m
er as
1. Live microorganisms
 In correct amounts may result in health benefits.




co
eH w
2. Lactic – acid most common (athletes have high levels)
3. Clinical applications




o.
 Help Reduce Diarrhea
rs e
 Help with Inflammatory bowel disease
ou urc
 Inhibition of H. Pylori (causes peptic ulcers)
 Can Help with Lactose intolerance
o

 Antibiotics kills good bacteria in the colon
aC s
vi y re


III. METABOLISM:
A. Carbohydrates
1. Primary & preferred energy source! (all three macronutrients will produce
ed d




energy)
ar stu




a. Carbohydrates break down into GLUCOSE
(1) Glucose metabolized by liver
(2) Hormonal control
(a) Insulin – only hormone that can lower blood glucose!
is




(b) Glucagon – one of the hormones that can elevate blood glucose!
Th




(c) Steroids, epinephrine, thyroxine, somatostatin and growth hormone

can also elevate blood glucose.
B. Lipids (second preferred source of energy)
sh




1. Interrelated with glucose re: both consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

molecules, but different amounts.
2. Absorbed from small intestine and metabolized in liver (page 44)
C. Protein
1. Balance between anabolism and catabolism

10/12/2016
This study source was downloaded by 100000805705997 from CourseHero.com on 04-30-2021 06:52:46 GMT -05:00


https://www.coursehero.com/file/20128304/Exam-One-Study-Guide/