1|Page
WSET DIPLOMA D1 NEWEST 2026/2027 ACTUAL
VERIFIED EXAM COMPLETE 250 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+||NEWEST
EXAM!!!
Describe head training - ANSWER-- relatively little
permanent wood consisting of the trunk, sometimes with a
few short stubs growing from the top of the trunk
- can either be spur-pruned or replacement cane-pruned.
Describe cordon training - ANSWER-- typically a trunk and
one or more permanent horizontal arms of permanent
wood (cordons)
- usually spur-pruned
- takes longer to establish than head training due to the
amount of permanent wood
Define spur pruning - ANSWER-short sections of one-
year-old wood (the shoots from the last growing season
that have lignified) that have been cut back to only two or
three buds
- can either be distributed along a cordon (cordon training)
or around the top of the trunk (head training)
,2|Page
- easier to carry out than replacement cane pruning and
can often be mechanized
Define replacement cane pruning - ANSWER-- longer
sections of one-year-old wood with anything between 8
and 20 buds, typically laid down horizontally and need
tying to a trellis for support and positioning
- more complex than spur pruning and requires a skilled
labor force to pick suitable canes and train them
What are the benefits and detriments of untrellised vines?
- ANSWER-- simple & inexpensive, provides shade
- not possible to mechanize, canopy can become too
dense
What are the two types of frosts? - ANSWER-- advective:
large volumes of cold air moving in from very cold areas
- radiative: heat being lost on still, cool nights (Windless
nights will allow a layer of freezing cold air to develop just
above the surface of the soil)
How do growers reduce the risk of frost damage in
advance? - ANSWER-- site selection
- delaying pruning
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- late-budding varieties
- high training
- bare soils between the vines
How do growers reduce the risk of frost damage when
frost threatens? - ANSWER-- sprinklers
- turbines
- heaters
How do growers deal with hail? - ANSWER-- cloud rockets
- nets
- diversity of sites
- insurance
How can winemakers deal with smoke taint? - ANSWER--
analysis of must or test fermentations (ferment releases
smoky aromas) leading to harvest
- gentle handling, whole bunch pressing/harvesting of
grapes
- low fermentation T, reduced maceration
- flash detente, reverse osmosis
- blending with unaffected wines
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What are advantages of herbicides? Disadvantages? -
ANSWER-- cheap, effective, little soil damage
- poisoning, discourage ecosystems, weed resistance,
increase in vine vigor, not allowed in organic & BD
viticulture
What are advantages of animal grazing? Disadvantages?
- ANSWER-- no chemicals, manure, animals are source of
meat
- high training for vines, caring for animals, animals
susceptible to pesticides
What are advantages of cover crops? Disadvantages? -
ANSWER-- no chemicals, can influence vigor, good
surface for machinery
- reduction in vigor, difficulty in mowing, not suitable for
steep slopes
What are advantages of mulching? Disadvantages? -
ANSWER-- no chemicals, reduce water evaporation,
source of nutrients and humus
- bulky, a lot is needed, can increase vigor
WSET DIPLOMA D1 NEWEST 2026/2027 ACTUAL
VERIFIED EXAM COMPLETE 250 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+||NEWEST
EXAM!!!
Describe head training - ANSWER-- relatively little
permanent wood consisting of the trunk, sometimes with a
few short stubs growing from the top of the trunk
- can either be spur-pruned or replacement cane-pruned.
Describe cordon training - ANSWER-- typically a trunk and
one or more permanent horizontal arms of permanent
wood (cordons)
- usually spur-pruned
- takes longer to establish than head training due to the
amount of permanent wood
Define spur pruning - ANSWER-short sections of one-
year-old wood (the shoots from the last growing season
that have lignified) that have been cut back to only two or
three buds
- can either be distributed along a cordon (cordon training)
or around the top of the trunk (head training)
,2|Page
- easier to carry out than replacement cane pruning and
can often be mechanized
Define replacement cane pruning - ANSWER-- longer
sections of one-year-old wood with anything between 8
and 20 buds, typically laid down horizontally and need
tying to a trellis for support and positioning
- more complex than spur pruning and requires a skilled
labor force to pick suitable canes and train them
What are the benefits and detriments of untrellised vines?
- ANSWER-- simple & inexpensive, provides shade
- not possible to mechanize, canopy can become too
dense
What are the two types of frosts? - ANSWER-- advective:
large volumes of cold air moving in from very cold areas
- radiative: heat being lost on still, cool nights (Windless
nights will allow a layer of freezing cold air to develop just
above the surface of the soil)
How do growers reduce the risk of frost damage in
advance? - ANSWER-- site selection
- delaying pruning
,3|Page
- late-budding varieties
- high training
- bare soils between the vines
How do growers reduce the risk of frost damage when
frost threatens? - ANSWER-- sprinklers
- turbines
- heaters
How do growers deal with hail? - ANSWER-- cloud rockets
- nets
- diversity of sites
- insurance
How can winemakers deal with smoke taint? - ANSWER--
analysis of must or test fermentations (ferment releases
smoky aromas) leading to harvest
- gentle handling, whole bunch pressing/harvesting of
grapes
- low fermentation T, reduced maceration
- flash detente, reverse osmosis
- blending with unaffected wines
, 4|Page
What are advantages of herbicides? Disadvantages? -
ANSWER-- cheap, effective, little soil damage
- poisoning, discourage ecosystems, weed resistance,
increase in vine vigor, not allowed in organic & BD
viticulture
What are advantages of animal grazing? Disadvantages?
- ANSWER-- no chemicals, manure, animals are source of
meat
- high training for vines, caring for animals, animals
susceptible to pesticides
What are advantages of cover crops? Disadvantages? -
ANSWER-- no chemicals, can influence vigor, good
surface for machinery
- reduction in vigor, difficulty in mowing, not suitable for
steep slopes
What are advantages of mulching? Disadvantages? -
ANSWER-- no chemicals, reduce water evaporation,
source of nutrients and humus
- bulky, a lot is needed, can increase vigor
