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Upper Airway - ANSWERS-Consists of all structures above the level of the vocal cords.
The nose, mouth, jaw, oral cavity and pharynx.
Lower Airway - ANSWERS-Function is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. Starts
at the larynx. Spans from the glottis to the pulmonary capillary membrane.
Ventilation - ANSWERS-Process of moving air in and out of the lungs. Consist of two
phases- inhalation and exhalation.
Oxygenation - ANSWERS-Process of loading O2 molecules onto hemoglobin molecules
in the bloodstream.
Respiration - ANSWERS-Actual exchange of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli and the tissues
of the body.
Inhalation - ANSWERS-Air enters the body, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
contract. When the diaphragm contracts, it descends and enlarges the thoracic cage
from top to bottom. When the intercostal muscles contract, they lift the ribs up and out.
Diaphragm - ANSWERS-Stimulated by the Phrenic Nerve, it is a voluntary and
involuntary muscle.
, Accessory Muscles - ANSWERS-Secondary muscles of breathing, and include the
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles of the neck.
Negative Pressure Ventilation - ANSWERS-The air outside the body, is normally higher
in pressure than the air within the thorax. During inhalation, the thoracic cage expands
and the air within the thorax decreases, creating a slight vacuum. The vacuum pulls the
air in through the trachea, causing the lungs to fill.
Positive Pressure Ventilation - ANSWERS-With ineffective chest movement, or no chest
movement, negative intrathoracic pressure cannot be created. When this occurs, the
only way to move air into the lungs is by PPV, the forcing of air into the lungs.
Tidal Vol/Dead Space/Residual Vol/Total Lung Capacity - ANSWERS-Tidal- 500ml
Total Lung Capacity- 6,000ml/5-6L
Dead Space- 150ml
Residual Vol- 1,200ml
Hering- Breuer Reflex - ANSWERS-Terminates inhalation to prevent over-expansion of
the lungs.
Medulla - ANSWERS-Primary involuntary (autonomic) respiratory center. Connected to
the respiratory muscles by the vagus nerve. The medullary respiratory center controls
the rate, depth, and rhythm of breathing.
Turbinates - ANSWERS-Increase the surface area of the nasal mucosa, thereby
improving the processes of warming, filtering and humidification of inhaled air.
Hyoid Bone - ANSWERS-Small, horseshoe shaped bone that attaches to the tongue.
Thyroid Cartilage - ANSWERS-Adams apple. Directly anterior to the glottic opening.