BIOD 121 PORTAGE MODULE 4 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (VERIFIED
AND UPDATED)
Essential vitamins - ANS 13 vitamins that animal cells need but can't synthesize
found in both plant and animal sources
vitamins produced by the body - ANS vitamin K and biotin (gut flora)
vitamin D (skin)
vitamin A (from beta carotene)
niacin (tryptophan)
two criteria for vitamins - ANS 1. must be consumed in the diet to maintain health.
2. symptoms of deficiency occur in its absence
enrichment - ANS adding nutrients back that have been lost to processing
fortification - ANS adding nutrient not naturally present in a food
Fat soluble vitamins - ANS Vitamins A, D, E, K
stored in liver and adipose tissue
excess consumption could lead to toxic levels
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, two forms of vitamin a - ANS 1. Preformed Vitamin A (retinol/retinal), found in foods and
animal products: liver, fish, fish oils, fortified milk, yogurt, and eggs
2. Provitamin A or Carotene, the pigment in yellow, orange, and deep green fruits or vegetables
vitamin A functions - ANS Vision
skin and epithelial health
growth, development, reproduction
disease prevention
two forms of vitamin D - ANS D2 (ergocalciferol, synthetic) and D3 (cholecalciferol)
produced skin > liver > kidney
fatty fish, fortified cereal, eggs, butter, fortified milk, and yogurt
vitamin D functions - ANS regulation of calcium levels and bone metabolism
immune system, skin development, muscle health, and blood pressure control
vitamin A deficiency - ANS Night blindness, xeropthalmia, dry skin, growth failure
toxicity > 3000mcg/day increased hip fracture, liver toxicity, and fetal malformations
vitamin D deficiency - ANS rickets, osteomalacia
increased risk of infections, cancers, autoimmune disease, and cardiovascular disease
vitamin E function - ANS antioxidant that protects erythrocytes and membranes from
damage
in the body (alpha-tocopherol) or in plants (gamma-tocopherol)
oils, cereals, eggs, margarines, whole grains, and nuts.
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (VERIFIED
AND UPDATED)
Essential vitamins - ANS 13 vitamins that animal cells need but can't synthesize
found in both plant and animal sources
vitamins produced by the body - ANS vitamin K and biotin (gut flora)
vitamin D (skin)
vitamin A (from beta carotene)
niacin (tryptophan)
two criteria for vitamins - ANS 1. must be consumed in the diet to maintain health.
2. symptoms of deficiency occur in its absence
enrichment - ANS adding nutrients back that have been lost to processing
fortification - ANS adding nutrient not naturally present in a food
Fat soluble vitamins - ANS Vitamins A, D, E, K
stored in liver and adipose tissue
excess consumption could lead to toxic levels
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, two forms of vitamin a - ANS 1. Preformed Vitamin A (retinol/retinal), found in foods and
animal products: liver, fish, fish oils, fortified milk, yogurt, and eggs
2. Provitamin A or Carotene, the pigment in yellow, orange, and deep green fruits or vegetables
vitamin A functions - ANS Vision
skin and epithelial health
growth, development, reproduction
disease prevention
two forms of vitamin D - ANS D2 (ergocalciferol, synthetic) and D3 (cholecalciferol)
produced skin > liver > kidney
fatty fish, fortified cereal, eggs, butter, fortified milk, and yogurt
vitamin D functions - ANS regulation of calcium levels and bone metabolism
immune system, skin development, muscle health, and blood pressure control
vitamin A deficiency - ANS Night blindness, xeropthalmia, dry skin, growth failure
toxicity > 3000mcg/day increased hip fracture, liver toxicity, and fetal malformations
vitamin D deficiency - ANS rickets, osteomalacia
increased risk of infections, cancers, autoimmune disease, and cardiovascular disease
vitamin E function - ANS antioxidant that protects erythrocytes and membranes from
damage
in the body (alpha-tocopherol) or in plants (gamma-tocopherol)
oils, cereals, eggs, margarines, whole grains, and nuts.
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
