ITLS Exam Preparation-FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
BRAND NEW VERSION
What is a Scene Size-Up? -ANSWER✅✅✅✅Observations made and actions taken at
a trauma scene before actually approaching the patient. It is the initial step in the ITLS
Primary Survey
What does "OPIM" stand for? -ANSWER✅✅✅✅Other Potentially Infectious Material
What equipment should you always take with you for trauma patients? -
ANSWER✅✅✅✅-PPE (Personal Protection Equipment)
-Patient transport device (stretcher, long spine board, and so on) with effective
strapping and head motion-restriction device
-Rigid cervical extrication collar of an appropriate size
-Oxygen and airway equipment, which should include suction equipment and a BVM
(Bag-Valve Mask)
-Trauma box (bandage material, hemostatic agent, tourniquet, blood pressure cuff,
stethoscope)
What are some of the potential injury patterns for a mechanism of Injury of frontal
impact? (Name 8) -ANSWER✅✅✅✅-Cervical-spine fracture
-Flail chest
-Myocardial contusion
-Pneumothorax
-Aortic disruption
-Spleen or liver laceration
-Posterior hip dislocation
-Knee dislocation
What are some of the potential injury patterns for a mechanism of lateral impact (T-
bone)? (Name 8) -ANSWER✅✅✅✅-Contralateral neck sprain
-Cervical-spine fracture
-Lateral flail chest
,-Pneumothorax
-Aortic disruption
-Diaphragmatic rupture
-Laceration of liver, kidney or spleen
-Pelvic fracture
What are potential injury patterns for a mechanism of ejection? -
ANSWER✅✅✅✅Exposure to all mechanisms (and mortality increased)
What are some of the potential injury patterns for a mechanism of Injury of pedestrian
vs. car? (Name 4) -ANSWER✅✅✅✅-Head injury
-Aortic disruption
-Abdominal visceral injuries
-Fracture pelvis and lower extremities
What is "index of suspicion"? -ANSWER✅✅✅✅The medical provider's estimate of a
disease or injury being present in a patient. A high index of suspicion means there is a
high probability the injury is present. A low index of suspicion means there is a low risk
of the injury.
List the two basic mechanisms of motion injury -ANSWER✅✅✅✅Blunt and
penetrating
Identify the three collisions associated with a motor-vehicle collision (MVC) -
ANSWER✅✅✅✅1. Machine collision
2. Body collision
3. Organ collision resulting in rupture, shearing, or bruising
Name the five common forms of MVCs -ANSWER✅✅✅✅1. Frontal-impact (head-on
collision)
2. Lateral-impact (T-bone collision)
3. Rear-impact collision
4. Rollover collision
5. Rotational collision
Using the three collisions associated with a MVC, relate at least three frontal-impact
collisions to potential patient injuries to deformity of the vehicle, interior structures and
body structures. -ANSWER✅✅✅✅Machine collision = Deformed front end
Body collision = Spider-web pattern of windshield
Organ collision = Coup/contracoup brain, soft-tissue injury (scalp, face, neck),
hyperextension/flexion of the cervical spine
Machine collision = Deformed front end
Body collision = Steering wheel ring fracture, deformity and column displacement
Organ collision = Traumatic tattooing of patient's skin
,Machine collision = Deformity of vehicle
Body collision = Dashboard fracture and deformity
Organ collision = Facial trauma, coup/contracoup brain, hyperextension/flexion of the
cervical spine, pelvis, hip and knee trauma
Using the three collisions associated with a MVC, relate at least three lateral-impact
collisions to potential patient injuries to deformity of the vehicle, interior structures and
body structures. -ANSWER✅✅✅✅Machine collision = Deformed driver or passenger
side
Body collision = Degree of door deformity (ex: armrest bent, outward or inward bowing
of door)
Organ collision = This cannot be predicted by external exam alone. Instead, consider
organs beneath areas of external injury:
-Head = Coup/contracoup
-Neck = Ranging from cervical-muscle strain to fracture or subluxation with neurologic
deficit
-Upper arm and shoulder = Injuries appear on the side of the impact and are common,
as are injuries to the lower extremities
-Thorax/abdomen = Injuries from soft-tissue injuries to flail chest, lung contusion,
pneumothorax, hemothorax, or possible traumatic aortic dissection. Injuries include
those to solid and hollow organs
-Pelvis/legs = Pelvic, hip or femur fractures. Pelvic injuries may also include dislocation,
bladder rupture and urethral injuries
Describe potential injuries associated with proper and improper use of seat restraints,
headrest and air bags in a head-on collision -ANSWER✅✅✅✅Proper use of seat
restraint = Facial, head or neck injuries such as fractures, dislocations or spinal-cord
injuries; Clavicle fractures (at the point where the chest strap crosses) and chest-wall
injuries; Internal organ damage
Improper use of seat restraint = Abdominal or lumbar spine injury; No restraint could
possibly lead to ejection of vehicle
Improper use of headrest = (second impact) Hyperextension of the cervical spine
Proper use of air bags = Injuries from a second impact after deflation can lead to striking
the steering wheel leading to internal injuries (thus, check under the deflated air bag for
mechanical deformity; Leg, pelvis or abdominal injuries; Abrasions from the nylon bag,
corneal abrasions and superficial burns on arms in the vicinity of the airbag vents
Describe at least two potential injuries from rear-end collisions -ANSWER✅✅✅✅-
Hyperextension of the cervical spine (if headrest too low)
-lumbar-spine injury (if the seat breaks and falls backwards)
, *Rapid forward deceleration can occur from striking something in front after being struck
from behind, thus leading to front impact injuries.
How many more times is a person likely to die if they are ejected from a vehicle during
an accident? -ANSWER✅✅✅✅25
What four questions are used as a checklist in scene stabilization for a tractor accident?
-ANSWER✅✅✅✅1. Is the engine off?
2. Are the rear wheels locked?
3. Has the fuel situation and fire hazards been addressed?
4. Are there hydraulic fluid leaks or radiator leaks?
Describe the three assessment criteria for falls -ANSWER✅✅✅✅1. Distance of fall
2. Anatomic area impacted
3. Surface struck
What are at least six anticipated injuries from a fall? -ANSWER✅✅✅✅-Fractures of
the feet or legs
-Hip and/or pelvic injuries
-Axial loading to the lumbar and cervical spine
-Vertebrae compression fracture
-Vertical deceleration forces to the organs
-Colles fractures of the wrists
Identify the two most common forms of penetrating injuries -ANSWER✅✅✅✅Knife
and gun
Discuss associated mechanisms of the two most common forms of penetrating injuries
and extent of these injuries -ANSWER✅✅✅✅Knife depends on the anatomic area
penetrated, length of the blade, and angle of penetration. Low-energy injury and tissue
damage confined to the direct path of the blade.
Guns depends on the anatomic area penetrated, on type of weapon, caliber (size of
bullet), and distance from which the weapon was fired. High-energy injury and tissue
damage usually not confined to the direct path of the bullet.
What are the four injury mechanisms involved in blast injuries -ANSWER✅✅✅✅1.
Primary = Air blast
2. Secondary = Material (shrapnel) propelled by the blast force
3. Tertiary = Body impact with ground or object
4. Quinary = (Delayed type of injury) Hyperinflammatory state from exposure to
contaminants (ex: burns, chemical, biological, radiological)
Relate how the four injury mechanisms involved in blast injuries relate to patient
assessment -ANSWER✅✅✅✅1. Primary = Air containing organs injuries (ex: Ears,
STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
BRAND NEW VERSION
What is a Scene Size-Up? -ANSWER✅✅✅✅Observations made and actions taken at
a trauma scene before actually approaching the patient. It is the initial step in the ITLS
Primary Survey
What does "OPIM" stand for? -ANSWER✅✅✅✅Other Potentially Infectious Material
What equipment should you always take with you for trauma patients? -
ANSWER✅✅✅✅-PPE (Personal Protection Equipment)
-Patient transport device (stretcher, long spine board, and so on) with effective
strapping and head motion-restriction device
-Rigid cervical extrication collar of an appropriate size
-Oxygen and airway equipment, which should include suction equipment and a BVM
(Bag-Valve Mask)
-Trauma box (bandage material, hemostatic agent, tourniquet, blood pressure cuff,
stethoscope)
What are some of the potential injury patterns for a mechanism of Injury of frontal
impact? (Name 8) -ANSWER✅✅✅✅-Cervical-spine fracture
-Flail chest
-Myocardial contusion
-Pneumothorax
-Aortic disruption
-Spleen or liver laceration
-Posterior hip dislocation
-Knee dislocation
What are some of the potential injury patterns for a mechanism of lateral impact (T-
bone)? (Name 8) -ANSWER✅✅✅✅-Contralateral neck sprain
-Cervical-spine fracture
-Lateral flail chest
,-Pneumothorax
-Aortic disruption
-Diaphragmatic rupture
-Laceration of liver, kidney or spleen
-Pelvic fracture
What are potential injury patterns for a mechanism of ejection? -
ANSWER✅✅✅✅Exposure to all mechanisms (and mortality increased)
What are some of the potential injury patterns for a mechanism of Injury of pedestrian
vs. car? (Name 4) -ANSWER✅✅✅✅-Head injury
-Aortic disruption
-Abdominal visceral injuries
-Fracture pelvis and lower extremities
What is "index of suspicion"? -ANSWER✅✅✅✅The medical provider's estimate of a
disease or injury being present in a patient. A high index of suspicion means there is a
high probability the injury is present. A low index of suspicion means there is a low risk
of the injury.
List the two basic mechanisms of motion injury -ANSWER✅✅✅✅Blunt and
penetrating
Identify the three collisions associated with a motor-vehicle collision (MVC) -
ANSWER✅✅✅✅1. Machine collision
2. Body collision
3. Organ collision resulting in rupture, shearing, or bruising
Name the five common forms of MVCs -ANSWER✅✅✅✅1. Frontal-impact (head-on
collision)
2. Lateral-impact (T-bone collision)
3. Rear-impact collision
4. Rollover collision
5. Rotational collision
Using the three collisions associated with a MVC, relate at least three frontal-impact
collisions to potential patient injuries to deformity of the vehicle, interior structures and
body structures. -ANSWER✅✅✅✅Machine collision = Deformed front end
Body collision = Spider-web pattern of windshield
Organ collision = Coup/contracoup brain, soft-tissue injury (scalp, face, neck),
hyperextension/flexion of the cervical spine
Machine collision = Deformed front end
Body collision = Steering wheel ring fracture, deformity and column displacement
Organ collision = Traumatic tattooing of patient's skin
,Machine collision = Deformity of vehicle
Body collision = Dashboard fracture and deformity
Organ collision = Facial trauma, coup/contracoup brain, hyperextension/flexion of the
cervical spine, pelvis, hip and knee trauma
Using the three collisions associated with a MVC, relate at least three lateral-impact
collisions to potential patient injuries to deformity of the vehicle, interior structures and
body structures. -ANSWER✅✅✅✅Machine collision = Deformed driver or passenger
side
Body collision = Degree of door deformity (ex: armrest bent, outward or inward bowing
of door)
Organ collision = This cannot be predicted by external exam alone. Instead, consider
organs beneath areas of external injury:
-Head = Coup/contracoup
-Neck = Ranging from cervical-muscle strain to fracture or subluxation with neurologic
deficit
-Upper arm and shoulder = Injuries appear on the side of the impact and are common,
as are injuries to the lower extremities
-Thorax/abdomen = Injuries from soft-tissue injuries to flail chest, lung contusion,
pneumothorax, hemothorax, or possible traumatic aortic dissection. Injuries include
those to solid and hollow organs
-Pelvis/legs = Pelvic, hip or femur fractures. Pelvic injuries may also include dislocation,
bladder rupture and urethral injuries
Describe potential injuries associated with proper and improper use of seat restraints,
headrest and air bags in a head-on collision -ANSWER✅✅✅✅Proper use of seat
restraint = Facial, head or neck injuries such as fractures, dislocations or spinal-cord
injuries; Clavicle fractures (at the point where the chest strap crosses) and chest-wall
injuries; Internal organ damage
Improper use of seat restraint = Abdominal or lumbar spine injury; No restraint could
possibly lead to ejection of vehicle
Improper use of headrest = (second impact) Hyperextension of the cervical spine
Proper use of air bags = Injuries from a second impact after deflation can lead to striking
the steering wheel leading to internal injuries (thus, check under the deflated air bag for
mechanical deformity; Leg, pelvis or abdominal injuries; Abrasions from the nylon bag,
corneal abrasions and superficial burns on arms in the vicinity of the airbag vents
Describe at least two potential injuries from rear-end collisions -ANSWER✅✅✅✅-
Hyperextension of the cervical spine (if headrest too low)
-lumbar-spine injury (if the seat breaks and falls backwards)
, *Rapid forward deceleration can occur from striking something in front after being struck
from behind, thus leading to front impact injuries.
How many more times is a person likely to die if they are ejected from a vehicle during
an accident? -ANSWER✅✅✅✅25
What four questions are used as a checklist in scene stabilization for a tractor accident?
-ANSWER✅✅✅✅1. Is the engine off?
2. Are the rear wheels locked?
3. Has the fuel situation and fire hazards been addressed?
4. Are there hydraulic fluid leaks or radiator leaks?
Describe the three assessment criteria for falls -ANSWER✅✅✅✅1. Distance of fall
2. Anatomic area impacted
3. Surface struck
What are at least six anticipated injuries from a fall? -ANSWER✅✅✅✅-Fractures of
the feet or legs
-Hip and/or pelvic injuries
-Axial loading to the lumbar and cervical spine
-Vertebrae compression fracture
-Vertical deceleration forces to the organs
-Colles fractures of the wrists
Identify the two most common forms of penetrating injuries -ANSWER✅✅✅✅Knife
and gun
Discuss associated mechanisms of the two most common forms of penetrating injuries
and extent of these injuries -ANSWER✅✅✅✅Knife depends on the anatomic area
penetrated, length of the blade, and angle of penetration. Low-energy injury and tissue
damage confined to the direct path of the blade.
Guns depends on the anatomic area penetrated, on type of weapon, caliber (size of
bullet), and distance from which the weapon was fired. High-energy injury and tissue
damage usually not confined to the direct path of the bullet.
What are the four injury mechanisms involved in blast injuries -ANSWER✅✅✅✅1.
Primary = Air blast
2. Secondary = Material (shrapnel) propelled by the blast force
3. Tertiary = Body impact with ground or object
4. Quinary = (Delayed type of injury) Hyperinflammatory state from exposure to
contaminants (ex: burns, chemical, biological, radiological)
Relate how the four injury mechanisms involved in blast injuries relate to patient
assessment -ANSWER✅✅✅✅1. Primary = Air containing organs injuries (ex: Ears,
