Exam 1: PNR 205 / PNR205 (2026–2027 Updated) Leadership & Collaboration | Complete Q&A | Verified Solutions | 100% Accurate | Grade A – Fortis

Exam 1: PNR 205 / PNR205 (2026–2027 Updated) Leadership & Collaboration | Complete Q&A | Verified Solutions | 100% Accurate | Grade A – Fortis Q. What are the key characteristics of nursing? ANSWER 1. Holistic Care 2. Specialized knowledge and training 3. Professional organization 4. Code of ethics for nursing 5. Scope and standards of practice 6. ANA definition of nursing Q. Nursing is seen as ______ care ANSWER holistic Q. What is holistic care? ANSWER looks at physical, mental, emotional, and social well being of those we are caring for Q. Nursing is a _____ rather than a job ANSWER Profession Q. Profession is an ANSWER occupation that has specialized body of knowledge and training Q. A profession has a ANSWER duty to the public good Q. The standards of practice ANSWER describe the minimum set of criteria for giving quality care Q. The standards of practice assure ANSWER competency and quality care Q. Who publishes scope and standards of practice ANSWER The American Nursing Association Q. The scope of nursing describes ANSWER what the profession of nursing does and how it is done Q. ANA definition of nursing ANSWER -the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities -prevention of illness and injury, facilitation of healing -alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response -advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations Q. What is the professional organization for nursing? ANSWER American Nursing Association (ANA) Q. Code of Ethics for Nurses are ANSWER statements of the values and belief of nurses, which are based on ethical principles Q. What are the roles and functions of the nurse? ANSWER 1. Care Provider 2. Educator 3. Advocate 4. Leader 5. Change Agent 6. Manager 7. Researcher 8. Collaborator 9. Delegator Q. What is the primary role of the nurse ANSWER Care provider Q. nurse as educator ANSWER -ensure patient receives sufficient information to base consent for care and treatments -focus on discharge planning Q. Nurse as advocate ANSWER -interprets information and provides necessary education -supports the patient's wishes and communicates them to other health care providers -situations when patient cannot speak for themselves Q. Nurse as a Leader ANSWER -provides direction and purpose -motivates to work toward common goal Q. Nurse as a manager ANSWER -coordinating all care that a patient needs -oversee the staff, budget, and resources Q. Nurse as researcher ANSWER -critique studies -apply to practice -problems we identify become research Q. Nursing research is how ANSWER nursing care is improved Q. Nurse as a Collaborator ANSWER -working with other health care providers -coordination of patient care and communicating Q. Nurse as delegator ANSWER -entrusting tasks to other health care providers -knowing the scope of other professionals practice Q. The profession of nursing developed through ANSWER war Q. Who established American Red Cross ANSWER Clara Barton Q. Who headed the US Sanitary Commission (Army Nursing Corps) ANSWER Dorothea Dix Q. During wars, nurses emerged as _____ and had more ______ and ______ ANSWER leaders, autonomy, responsibility Q. Nursing religious roots come from ANSWER -nurses (males) in Egypt -increasing nun and monk work Q. When did the profession begin and who started it ANSWER -in the 1850's during the Crimean War -Florence Nightingale Q. What advancements were made after world war II ANSWER -nursing specialties -more male nurses -need for health promotion (nurse practitioners) Q. What was Nightingale's contribution? ANSWER -cared for British soldiers during Crimean war -assessed patients and collected data -used statistics -started the first nursing school -advocate for general health -Notes on Nursing Q. What was Notes on Nursing about ANSWER Nightingales beliefs about nursing and how to mange the environment in order to improve health Q. What is a discipline ANSWER specific field of study Q. What is a metaparadigm? ANSWER overarching concept of profession, person, health, and environment Q. What is the Nursing Paradigm ANSWER Links person, health, environment/situation, and nursing Q. What is the nursing process? ANSWER scientific process, multistep process used by nurses to care for patients Q. Conceptional framework or model ANSWER collection of interrelated concepts that provides direction for nursing practice, research, and education Q. Nightingale's Environmental Theory ANSWER - relationship between individual's environment and health -put patient in state that nature can heal them Key concepts of Nightingale's theory -clean air -clean water -clean housing -decreased noise -good hygiene -light -comfort -socialziation and hope Nightingale's theory is seen as holistic Watson's theory on nursing focuses on caring and importance of relationship with patient Watson's theory states that we as nurses need to develop a caring, healing consciousness Watson's Theory of Transpersonal Caring both nurse and patient can be transformed through a healing relationship Watson's critical caritas are factors involved in holistic nursing care Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs applies to nursing how -each factor affects health -helps plan care -helps prioritize actions Neumann University Nursing framework consists of -nursing -person -environment -health/wellness -Illness -caring -healing Socialization into nursing involves -learning theory and skills need for the role of nurse -internalizing values and attitudes Benner and Dreyfuss Model of Skill Acquisition 1. Novice 2. Advanced beginner 3. Competent 4. Proficient 5. Expert Novice Nurse -no experience -needs rules -poor judgment -lacks situational awareness Advanced Beginner Nurse -limited experience -can use more sophisticated rules -some situational awareness -analytical decision making Competent Nurse -2 to 3 years experience -more analytical thinking -lacks speed and flexibility Proficient Nurse -uses experiences to make decisions -identifies what is most important -see holistically -sees deviations from pattern Expert Nurse -Uses intuitive reasoning -vision of what is possible -no longer relies on rules Levels of Nursing include 1. LPN 2. RN 3. BSN 4. MSN 5. Doctorate 6. Specialty certification 7. professional nursing organization LPN/LVN general -12 to 18 months of school -must pass NCLEX-PN -under supervision of RN LPN scope of practice -collect data but use no decision making -update care plan -administer medicine RN genreal -graduate from an accredited school and pass the NCLEX-RN RN 2 year focuses on nursing courses only RN 3 year -diploma program -combines classroom and clinical instruction RN 4 year BSN -nursing theory -sciences -humanities -behavioral science What percentage of BSN are needed by 2020 80 percent MSN focuses on types of specialties include specific area of advanced practice 4 direct patient care 4 non direct patient care MSN 4 Specialties direct patient care 1. Certified Nurse Midwife 2. Nurse Practitioner 3. Clinical Nurse Specialist 4. Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist MSN Specialties Non direct patient care 1. Clinical Nurse Leader 2. Nurse Educator 3. Nurse researcher 4. nurse administrator Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) Most independently functioning nurse; has masters degree in nursing Doctorate in nursing results in and prepares for -PhD -leadership, research, teaching, administration Speciality Certification specialty area have practicing for several years -membership to remain current, network, and have access to research Requirements for certifications -minimum work experiences and education -pass examination -maintain continuing education -work requirements Professional organization enable nurses to have access to current information and resources -voice for the profession National Patient Safety Goals do what improve patient safety for a variety of accredited health care facilities National Patient Safety Goals for 2019 include -improve accuracy of identifying patients -improved communication -improve safety with medications -reduce harm associated with clinical alarm system -reduce health risk of infection Changing Demographics that impact nursing -increase in elder population reasons for nursing shortage -older nurses retiring -need for professors -burn out -full clinical sites 6 competencies of QSEN 1. Patient-centered care 2. Teamwork and collaboration 3. Evidence-based practice 4. Quality improvement 5. Safety 6. Informatics What is a belief something that an individual accepts to be truth What is a value the enduring ideas about what one considers to be good and what has worth First-order beliefs The foundation or the basis of an individual's belief system -develop during childhood through experiences Problems with first-order beliefs in nursing -rarely questioned -cause great emotional or cognitive distress when presenting information to a patient that challenges this Higher order beliefs are derived from first-order beliefs using reasoning Generalization general statement or ideas about people or things to relate them to what we already know and to categorize new information stereotype conceptualized depiction of a person, place, or thing that is though to be typical of all others in that category Value system set of consistent values and measures that are organized hierarchically into a belief system of relativity of importance Values conflict when there is an actual or perceived difference between two or more belief systems values clarification therapeutic process that allows individuals to consider, clarify, and prioritize, their personal values it is not our job as nurses to ______ patients to _____ our values persuade, follow As nurses, we need to be able to _____ our own and our patients values and beliefs understand It is important to ______ patient's beliefs and values into care incorporate patient centered care is providing care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values and ensuring that patient values guide all clinical decisions Compassion is combination of sympathy and empathy Compassion does what recognizes, acknowledges, and acts to alleviate suffering Caring does what has concern, or regard for another collaboration does what works with others toward a common goal Professional nursing values include -caring -compassion -collaboration Values of Neumann Reverence Integrity Service Excellence Stewardship Reverence is honoring the sacred worth and dignity of each person Integrity honesty Service acting for others Excellence perform responsibilities to best of our ability Stewardship The responsible and just use of the world's resources What is the essence of nursing caring Caring involves the ______ and _____ that center on the unique needs of another person actions and behaviors Caring involves a ______ relationship between people and occurs in different and complicated environments dynamic Nightingale's model of caring manipulating the environment to increasing healing is what defines care Leininger model of caring -founder of transcultural nursing -culture is embedded in all aspects of a person -culturally congruent care promotes health and well being -all about changing and adapting to culture Watson's Model of Caring nursing is distinct from medicine and has greater holistic focus on care versus cure -both nurse and patient are transformed through healing -includes 10 caritas Compassion has been found to -increase patient trust and hope -improve adherence -greater patient disclosure regarding health behaviors Nursing presence is defined as shared perception of human connectedness between nurse and patient Presence can be enhanced through -mindful meditation -centering activities Touch is defined as intentional contact between 2 or more people Touch is deemed as essential and universal component of nursing care 2 types of touch -task oriented touch -caring touch task oriented touch -should be explained to patient -gentle and skillful to show competence -performing nursing interventions Caring touch form of nonverbal communication, which successfully influences a patient's comfort and security, enhances self-esteem, increases confidence of the caregivers, and improves mental well-being Active listening is specific communication technique in which one fully concentrates on what the other is saying in a conscious effort to fully understand the other Compassion fatigue extreme state of distress experiences as the progressive and cumulative result of exposure to stress in the therapeutic use of self in caring for others Compassion fatigue may result in -inability to care for patient -stress -anxiety -depression -physical and mental exhaustion Avoidance of compassion fatigue -recognize the signs and effects -self-care and personal renewal -work programs and culture What is the goal of holistic nursing healing interconnectedness everyone and everything is connected with and in a relationship with everything else What leads to good patient centered care good relationships What is ethics decision on how we behave Ethics guide behaviors in society -right and wrong What shapes ethical behavior 1. family 2. friends 3. socioeconomic status 4. culture 5. education American Nurses Association does what promotes and protects nurses ANA Code of Ethics establishes ethical standard for the nursing profession ANA Code of Ethics guides nurses in delivering quality care, while practicing ethically ANA Code of Ethics adopted in 1950 How many provisions of the code of ethics 9 each provision has _____ that _____ subcategories that explain Provision 1 states the nurses practices with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and unique attributes of every person Provision 2 primary commitment is to the patient Provision 3 The nurse promotes, advocates for, and protects the rights, health, and safety of the patient Provision 4 authority, accountability, responsibility, make decisions, and take action, and consistent with obligation to promote health and to provide optimal health Provision 5 same duties to self as to others Provision 6 establishes, maintains, and improves the ethical environment of the work setting and conditions of employment that are conducive to safe, quality health care Provision 7 Advance the profession through practice, education, administration and knowledge. Provision 8 Collaborate with other health professionals in promoting efforts to meet health needs Provision 9 Maintain the integrity of the profession and its practice ANA nurse educator is responsible for -instilling basic knowledge and professional standards -guiding and supervising students -integrating theory into practice ANA student nurses -same professional standards -commit to excellence, compassion, integrity student nurses showing excellence -being on time -answering questions in class -showing interest in class Examples of nonverbal communication 1. body language 2. voice inflection Examples of body language -posture -stance -gait -facial expressions -eye movements -touch -gestures -symbolic expressions -proxemics What is proxemics? personal space What is voice inflection The rise and fall in pitch and tone changes of the voice Intimate space 0-18 inches personal space 18 inches to 4 feet social space 4-12 feet public space 12 feet or more Examples of verbal communication 1. spoken 2. written 3. Electronic How does setting influence verbal communication determines what can and cannot be shared due to privacy Problem with verbal communication can be misinterpreted without nonverbal cues It is important that written communication is clear and correct Written communication can be easily taken out of ______ context What are the types of communication 1. intrapersonal 2. interpersonal 3. interprofessional 4. small group 5. public 6. diversity considerations modes of communication are verbal and nonverbal intrapersonal communication communication with oneself (self talk) -praying -meditation interpersonal communication Communication between two or more people -nursing interview between pt and nurse interpersonal communication can be _____ or ______ formal or informal Interprofessional communication communication between different members of the health care team -SBAR -care plan meeting SBAR communication Situation Background Assessment Recommendation small group communication communication occurring within small groups of three or more people -committees -student group assignments Public communication interaction with an audience -requires prep, openness, encourage acceptance -lecture How to address pain and anxiety -direct -empathetic -short sentences -essential information only How to address location -privacy is key -ask visitors to leave -few distractions -curtain is no sufficient -ask permission to speak if not in private area How to address distractions -focus -no distractions -low to no noise -come back if distractions can not be changed at the time Components of professional nursing communication 1. ethical implication 2. respect 3. assertivness 4. collaboration 5. delegation 6. advocacy Ethical implication include 1. confidentiality 2. role boundaries Confidentiality in nursing only sharing information about a patient with authorized personal Role boundaries the limits and responsibilities of individuals in a given setting -do not exchange phone numbers Respect as a nurse -asking patient name wants to be called -ensuring privacy Assertiveness as a nurse sharing your ideas with confidence while still respecting others Collaboration as nurse working successfully and respectfully with members for the health care team as well as the patient Delegation as a nurse respecting coworkers and knowing the scope of their practice while offering support and encouragement Advocacy as a nurse defending the rights of the patient Common therapeutic verbal techniques 1. offer self 2. share observations 3. use patients preferred name 4. give information 5. use open-ended statements 6. use general leads 7. use focuses statements 8. paraphrase 9. reflect feelings and emotions 10. summarize 11. clarify 12. validate Common therapeutic non verbal techniques silence touch SOLER: S sit facing the person SOLER: O open stance and posture SOLER: L Lean towards the patient SOLER: E eye contact without staring SOLER: R relax SOLER is used for active listening silence allows the person to think and communicate throughly therapeutic touch shows caring and empathy CLEAR is used to 1. center yourself 2. listen 3. empathize 4. attention 5. respect CLEAR is a ______ technique holistic Examples of non-therapeutic communication -why? -closes ended statements -false reassurance -changing subject Why to avoid non-therapeutic communication -damgage interactions -discourage open communication -shift communication from patient What does being defensive typically show in a patient stress or inability to cope Dealing with patients with hearing impairments -be sure hearing aid is on -good lighting -face patient -speak clearly and raise volume Dealing with deaf patients -use written communication -use interpreter for sign language Dealing with patients with blindness -describe location of items by using clock terms -alert patient to potential hazards -use of brail and audio books -use gentle touch to alert of presence or wake patient patients who are blind typically have heightened sense of smell and hearing Patients who are blind do not typically have hearing impairments Dealing with patients with language barriers -use interpreter always -do not use family members Why is it not good to use family members to be interpreters confidentiality Dealing with patients with dementia -avoid confrontation -work with family that knows patient best -do not correct -use therapeutic communication Dealing with patients with cognitive or physical impairments -use of touch if unable to speak -use of writing if cannot speak -facial expressions/ body language if unconscious Hearing is usually ______ even when someone is unconscious present It is important to always ______ someone what you are doing before ______ them tell, touching QSEN definition of teamwork & collaboration function effectively as a team open communication mutual respect shared decision making Each QSEN subcategory has knowledge, skills, and attitudes Competence and accountability involve ability to do a task well and take responsibility for your part of the team Common purpose means everyone in the group shares the same goal Interpersonal competence and effective communication means each member is able to perform a task well and communicates with others in the group trust and mutual respect involve being able to rely on each other and respecting others ideas valuing diverse knowledge and skills involves recognizing and appreciating everyones ideas and abilities Humor in a group can lighten the situation in a positive way Components of teamwork include 1. competence and accountability 2. common purpose 3. interpersonal competence and communication 4. trust and mutual respect 5. valuing diverse knowledge and skills 6. humor 2 critical parts of the health care field are teamwork and collaboration What are the parts of group dynamic 1. forming 2. storming 3. norming 4. performing 5. adjourning forming stage -identify leader, mission, and goal -establish trust Storming phase -confusion due to different communication and work habits -possible power struggles -members show their "true colors" What to remember in storming phase -use therapeutic communication techniques -use professional behaviors -apologize if you were in the wrong -intervene early Norming phase -sense of calm and focus -trust begins -increase in productivity -members understand their role and task -encourage members to participate fully Performing phase -increased interdependence -concentration on meeting the goal -members help each other over weak points -group problem solves -loyalty is built Adjourning phase -task is completed or goal is achieved Professional behaviors include -maintaining boundaries -effective communication -civility Examples of professional boundaries -not giving out phone number -keeping secret with patients -showing favoritism effective communication means to show _____ in all interactions and relationships respect civility means being polite and respectful at all times no matter the situations examples of civility -using patients preferred name -using persons title -using correct pronoun Examples of incivility -being late -not using preferred name -rolling eyes -raised voice -cursing Code of ethics 1.5 states nurses must respect all with whom they interact with caring and professional relationships -includes duty to prevent harm code of ethics 3.3 states profession of nursing requires ongoing education and formation Cheating indicates lack of accountability and knowledge about safe care and professional behaviors Nurse educators must ensure basic competence and commitment to professional standards exist prior to entry into practice