LOGICAL REASONING EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

LOGICAL REASONING EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Three Families of Logical Reasoning - Answers 1. Implication 2. Characterization 3. Operation Implication Family - Answers -Require you to look for the ___ of an argument or data using given facts -Assume stimulus is true; facts must be stated outright or must be true based on what's known from the stimulus -Question types are MBT, sMBT or MBF Operation Family - Answers -Requires manipulation of the argument -Assume answer choices to be true, therefore correct answer will affect stimulus -Question types are strengthen/weaken, crux, necessary/sufficient assumption, resolve/explain Characterization Family - Answers -Requires analysis of the argument -Describe or ___ what the stimulus is doing: stimulus offers argument, prompt asks you to pick an answer that accurately describes something about it or mirrors it -Question types are main point, describe how author of stimulus reaches conclusion, describe what is wrong with position in stimulus, describe point of disagreement btwn. multiple speakers Conclusion - Answers Point of an argument; what it is trying to prove Premises - Answers Reasons/support for conclusion Assumptions - Answers Unstated premises that the author implicitly believes Shift words - Answers Words in an argument that introduce new points of view or a "shift" in fact But, however, besides, etc. Words indicative of premises - Answers Since, because, for, as, after all, moreover, in addition, given that, while Words indicative of conclusions - Answers Therefore, thus, hence, so, as a result, consequently, it follows that, it is clear that Value judgments - Answers Reveal author's attitude; "should" Example: The showrunners of Game of Thrones screwed up colossally with its final season. To see this, just consider that the most talked-about show for a decade has completely fallen out of the Zeitgeist after it ended. Validity - Answers A property of an argument that logically follows the premise, and conclusion is not stronger than premises- NOTE: not synonymous with credibility! "truth of the premises guarantees truth of the conclusion" Temporal Fallacy - Answers attempt to draw conclusions about one time period from premises about another time period Correlative/Causative Fallacy - Answers assuming that correlation proves causation Conditional Statements - Answers Assert the existence of a hypothetical relationship between conditions; such as if the first condition was met, then the second must follow Valid inferences - Answers Affirmation Contrapositive Contrapositive - Answers Switch and negate the terms; A -- B :: nB -- nA Invalid inferences - Answers Fallacy of the converse Fallacy of the inverse Fallacy of the Converse - Answers Switches both conditions without negating them A -- B :: B -- A Fallacy of the Inverse - Answers Negating both conditions without switching them A -- B :: nA -- nB Sufficient Condition Keywords - Answers If, when, whenever, all, any, every, each, the only, guarantee Necessary Condition Keywords - Answers Then, only if, only, only when, needs, require, must, always Properties of "If and/but only if" - Answers Biconditional relationship; both sufficient and necessary conditions Properties of "unless", "without", "until", "except" - Answers Negate sufficient conditions, transform into "if __ not" Indicator of the contrapositive, watch for inverse fallacies! Properties of "No", "none" - Answers Negate necessary conditions; translate to "does not" Transitive Property - Answers If the necessary condition of one statement matches the sufficient condition of the other, then you can connect the two statements A -- B and B -- C :: A -- C Transitive Fallacy - Answers A -- B and A -- C :: B -- C Sufficient Conditions - Answers Conditions that are enough to guarantee that a necessary will follow if satisfied; nothing else is required Necessary Conditions - Answers Introduce new points of view Required in order for a sufficient condition to be satisfied; without it, the sufficient cannot occur Logical Force - Answers -The measure of how strong a proposition is -Usually communicated by words that are small and easily overlooked -Most important in Characterization questions (esp. parallel) -Weak conclusions are easier to support Modality - Answers The degree of necessity expressed by a proposition; how certain it is that something will occur Weak Modality Words - Answers Possibility; more than 0% chance of occurence May, could, might, can, occasionally, significant, often Moderate Modality Words - Answers Probability; more than 50% chance Probably, likely, usually Strong Modality Words - Answers Necessity; 100% chance **Actionable**, best statements to use when making deductions Will, must, definitely, always, is/are, necessarily, do/does Quantification - Answers The proportion of a group that has been given property; how many things have a certain quality? Weak Quantification Words - Answers Possibility; at least 1 Some, a few, several, many, a significant number Moderate Quantification Words - Answers Probability; more than half Most, majority, over half Strong Quantification Words - Answers Necessity; 100% **Actionable**, best statements to use when making deductions All, any, each, every Most v. The Most - Answers Comparisons between absolute and comparative claims- "Most" is absolute and "The Most" is comparative Must Be True (MBT) - Answers -Most common question type in implication family -Answer MUST be inferrable! -Identify what follows from the facts the question presents -Accept stimulus as true no matter what- Correct answer will be inarguably valid based on stimulus -Use conditional reasoning to draw logical conclusion from given statements -NOTE: pay attention to logical force of stimulus and answer choices: strong statements, weak answer choices Must Be True (MBT) Prompts - Answers "must be true", "follows logically", "logically completes", "properly inferred" Incorrect Answers for MBTs - Answers -Anything outside the scope of the stimulus or contradicts it -Generalizes from one specific situation -Commonly give hypothetical situations that differ from the stimulus -Try to explain what caused something to happen -Language of answer choice is stronger than stimulus Soft Must Be True (sMBTs) - Answers -Correct answer is 99% likely based on stimulus, but not 100%; has significant support, supplies conclusion for series of facts -If diagrammable, correct answer will be summary of diagram -Does not require logical validity -Consider strong premises and weak answer choices -Rarely have conditional statements Soft Must Be True (sMBT) Prompts - Answers "most strongly supported", "most logically completes", "best illustrated" Incorrect Answers for sMBTs - Answers -Not supported by stimulus -Logical force is too strong -Talk about what would have happened -Because something happened once, it will happen in all cases -Invalid comparisons -Causal explanations for certain phenomena Must Be False (MBF) - Answers -Ask you to find an answer choice that cannot be true based on what the stimulus is saying -Info in stimulus is assumed true and used to find an answer choice that is proven wrong by it -Look for conditional statements first, then strong statements in stimulus; SS are easier to prove false -Use conditional language in stimulus to diagram statements/draw more conclusions -Correct answer will contain strong language/logical force -Wrong answer is anything that has a chance of being true, including converse and inverse fallacies! Secondary Structures - Answers Structural elements in a passage (of any kind) that help differentiate important information from less important details; think about __ within itself and the more general claim that it serves Signals information that is very likely to be questioned! Types: Cause and Effect, Classification, Examples, Questions and Answers Example - Answers Secondary structure that always supports a viewpoint Key words: example, for instance, case in point, shows, such as, demonstrates, as shown by Can be studies, anecdotes, other specific works Extensive scope - Answers Secondary structure is discussed for almost the entire passage If ______, anticipate main point and primary purpose questions; what example illustrates and why illustrate main point with example Localized Scope - Answers Secondary structure is briefly mentioned; used to illustrate point of a single paragraph Anticipate specific reference or role questions about example "all" - Answers Conditional statements that can be diagrammed Introduces sufficient conditions 100%; each, every, any Contrapositive, but no converse or inverse "most" - Answers Arrow with M above Over 50%; Majority, probably, usually No contrapositive, converse, or inverse Does not exclude possibility of all! "some" - Answers Line with S above ≥ 1 or ≥ 0%; a few, many, a significant number, several Statements are reversible (aka converse is possible) but no inverse or contrapositive Does not exclude possibility of all! "none" - Answers 0%; nothing Use "No Torpedo" "not all" - Answers 0-99%, but not 100; not every Turn into "some... are not" Combining "All" and "Most" Statements - Answers Shared term must be sufficient condition of "all" -If sufficient condition of "all" matches necessary condition of "most", conclude "most" -If sufficient condition of "all" matches sufficient condition of "most", conclude "some" Combining "All" and "All" Statements - Answers -If sufficient condition of A matches necessary condition of B, apply transitive property (A-B and B-C, then A-C) -If sufficient condition of A matches sufficient condition of B, conclude "some" Combining "Most" and "Most" Statements - Answers -If sufficient condition of A matches sufficient condition of B, conclude "some" NOTE: Transitive property does NOT work unless sufficient condition is shared Combining "All" and "Some" Statements - Answers -If sufficient condition of A matches necessary condition of B, conclude "some" NOTE: Otherwise, cannot combine terms Uncombinable Statements - Answers "Most" and "Some", "Some and Some" Main Point Questions - Answers Questions that ask you to pick the answer that accurately expresses the conclusion of the argument Ex: "Which of the following most accurately expresses 'the main point', 'the conclusion', etc. of the argument"