Study Guide Certified Lactation
Counselor (CLC) Exam with All
Correct Answers 2025-2026 Updated.
American Academy of Pediatrics - Answer AAP
Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine - Answer ABM
Appropriate for gestational age. - Answer AGA
Small glands in the breast that produce breast milk. - Answer Alveoli
The absence of menstruation. - Answer Amenorrhea
Optimal attachment to the breast, where the babies lips are not centered in relationship to the
areola, but rather vertically off centered, with the babies chin and lower lip closer to the edge of
the areola and the babies upper lip. - Answer Aysemmetric latch
And allergy for which there is a genetic predisposition, such as asthma, eczema, or rhinitis. -
Answer Atopy
The UNICEF baby friendly hospital initiative, an international program recognizing hospitals and
birth centers that implement the 10 steps to successful breastfeeding. - Answer (BFHI) Baby
Friendly Hospital Initiative
The byproduct of the breakdown of the hemoglobin portion of red blood cells. - Answer
Bilirubin
Damage to the brain and central nervous system related to hyperbilirubinemia (Jaundice); Also
known as "Kernicterus." - Answer Bilirubin Encephalopathy
A firm, small, white spot near the nipple pore opening containing accumulated milk solids. Also
referred to as a milk blister. - Answer Milk Bleb
A pattern of feeding: used to deal with an over-abundant milk supply. In block feeding, the
mother offers the baby only one breast for one, two, or three feedings to generate mild local
pressure to slow down milk production. Then she offers the other breast for another block of
time. - Answer Block Feeding
,A condition in which milk from one part of the breast does not flow well and forms a lump of
solidified milk that blocks the milk duct. - Answer Blocked Duct
Decreased movement or sensation in the arm caused by injury to the bundle of nerves passing
through the shoulder area. This may be caused during birth by pressure to the shoulder area. -
Answer Brachial Plexus Injury
Slow heart rate, less than 100 bpm in an infant. - Answer Bradycardia
An area in the breast that feels hot and painful and is full of fluid. Typically resulting from
unresolved mastitis. - Answer Breast Abscess
A hands-on method used during nursing or pumping to increase the flow of milk. The mother
gently sneezes, or compresses gently, her breast. Typically used when milk flow stops or slows,
to increase milk flow again. Also called "alternate massage." - Answer Breast Compression
Jaundice occurring in the breast fed infant after 10-14 days of life. The cause of breastmilk
jaundice is unknown and the incident is less than 1%. - Answer Breastmilk Jaundice
Bacterial infection from contact with animals carrying the Brucella bacteria. Infection causes an
undulating fever that spikes in waves. - Answer Brucellosis
A family of parasitic fungi occurring especially in the mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract. They
are usually benign but can become pathogenic and include the caustive agent (candida albicans)
of thrush. - Answer Candida
Swelling of the soft tissues of a newborn baby's scalp that develops as a baby travels through
the birth canal. - Answer Caput Succedaneum
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Answer CDC
A lump that rises on the head of a newborn with an hours of birth due to bleeding beneath the
bones of the skull. - Answer Cephalohematoma
Inflammation of the fetal membrane due to infection. - Answer Chorioamniotis
A congenital birth defect causing a division or opening in the roof of the mouth and/or split in
the lip. - Answer Cleft Lip and/or Palate
, A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes. - Answer Cyanosis
The first milk, produced in the breast by the seventh month of pregnancy. It is thick, sticky, and
clear to yellowish in color; is high in protein and vitamin A; causes a laxative effect, thus, helping
the baby to pass meconium stools. Immunoglobulins (mostly IgA) In colostrum provide an anti-
infection protection to the baby and their gut microbiome. - Answer Colostrum
A condition or factor that makes something in advisable. - Answer Contraindication
Involving the head and skull. - Answer Craniofacial
The triangular-shaped ligaments underlying the breasts. - Answer Cooper's Ligaments
A virus of the herpes family that is relatively harmless and adults but can cause severe systemic
infection in infants, particularly those born premature. - Answer Cytomegalovirus
Symptoms include, but are not limited to the following: Dry or sticky mouth, low or no urine
output, concentrated urine that appears dark yellow, non-production of tears, sunken eyes,
markedly sunken fontanelles in an infant, lethargic or coma (severe). - Answer Dehydration
Signs
A group of diseases in which the body has difficulty managing stable blood sugar. - Answer
Diabetes Mellitus
Twin pairs with a marked difference in size at birth. - Answer Discordant Twins
A condition in which a woman's breast are markedly different in size and/or shape. This is
associated with potential milk supply problems. Also called "asymmetric "breasts. - Answer
Discrepancy Breasts
A congenital condition characterized by moderate to severe mental retardation *[textbook
definition]*. Also called trisomy 21. - Answer Down Syndrome
A group of two. In lactation terms, usually refers to a nursing mother and baby. - Answer
Dyad
A variant of galactosemia with generally milder complications. - Answer Duarte
Galactosemia
Counselor (CLC) Exam with All
Correct Answers 2025-2026 Updated.
American Academy of Pediatrics - Answer AAP
Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine - Answer ABM
Appropriate for gestational age. - Answer AGA
Small glands in the breast that produce breast milk. - Answer Alveoli
The absence of menstruation. - Answer Amenorrhea
Optimal attachment to the breast, where the babies lips are not centered in relationship to the
areola, but rather vertically off centered, with the babies chin and lower lip closer to the edge of
the areola and the babies upper lip. - Answer Aysemmetric latch
And allergy for which there is a genetic predisposition, such as asthma, eczema, or rhinitis. -
Answer Atopy
The UNICEF baby friendly hospital initiative, an international program recognizing hospitals and
birth centers that implement the 10 steps to successful breastfeeding. - Answer (BFHI) Baby
Friendly Hospital Initiative
The byproduct of the breakdown of the hemoglobin portion of red blood cells. - Answer
Bilirubin
Damage to the brain and central nervous system related to hyperbilirubinemia (Jaundice); Also
known as "Kernicterus." - Answer Bilirubin Encephalopathy
A firm, small, white spot near the nipple pore opening containing accumulated milk solids. Also
referred to as a milk blister. - Answer Milk Bleb
A pattern of feeding: used to deal with an over-abundant milk supply. In block feeding, the
mother offers the baby only one breast for one, two, or three feedings to generate mild local
pressure to slow down milk production. Then she offers the other breast for another block of
time. - Answer Block Feeding
,A condition in which milk from one part of the breast does not flow well and forms a lump of
solidified milk that blocks the milk duct. - Answer Blocked Duct
Decreased movement or sensation in the arm caused by injury to the bundle of nerves passing
through the shoulder area. This may be caused during birth by pressure to the shoulder area. -
Answer Brachial Plexus Injury
Slow heart rate, less than 100 bpm in an infant. - Answer Bradycardia
An area in the breast that feels hot and painful and is full of fluid. Typically resulting from
unresolved mastitis. - Answer Breast Abscess
A hands-on method used during nursing or pumping to increase the flow of milk. The mother
gently sneezes, or compresses gently, her breast. Typically used when milk flow stops or slows,
to increase milk flow again. Also called "alternate massage." - Answer Breast Compression
Jaundice occurring in the breast fed infant after 10-14 days of life. The cause of breastmilk
jaundice is unknown and the incident is less than 1%. - Answer Breastmilk Jaundice
Bacterial infection from contact with animals carrying the Brucella bacteria. Infection causes an
undulating fever that spikes in waves. - Answer Brucellosis
A family of parasitic fungi occurring especially in the mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract. They
are usually benign but can become pathogenic and include the caustive agent (candida albicans)
of thrush. - Answer Candida
Swelling of the soft tissues of a newborn baby's scalp that develops as a baby travels through
the birth canal. - Answer Caput Succedaneum
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Answer CDC
A lump that rises on the head of a newborn with an hours of birth due to bleeding beneath the
bones of the skull. - Answer Cephalohematoma
Inflammation of the fetal membrane due to infection. - Answer Chorioamniotis
A congenital birth defect causing a division or opening in the roof of the mouth and/or split in
the lip. - Answer Cleft Lip and/or Palate
, A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes. - Answer Cyanosis
The first milk, produced in the breast by the seventh month of pregnancy. It is thick, sticky, and
clear to yellowish in color; is high in protein and vitamin A; causes a laxative effect, thus, helping
the baby to pass meconium stools. Immunoglobulins (mostly IgA) In colostrum provide an anti-
infection protection to the baby and their gut microbiome. - Answer Colostrum
A condition or factor that makes something in advisable. - Answer Contraindication
Involving the head and skull. - Answer Craniofacial
The triangular-shaped ligaments underlying the breasts. - Answer Cooper's Ligaments
A virus of the herpes family that is relatively harmless and adults but can cause severe systemic
infection in infants, particularly those born premature. - Answer Cytomegalovirus
Symptoms include, but are not limited to the following: Dry or sticky mouth, low or no urine
output, concentrated urine that appears dark yellow, non-production of tears, sunken eyes,
markedly sunken fontanelles in an infant, lethargic or coma (severe). - Answer Dehydration
Signs
A group of diseases in which the body has difficulty managing stable blood sugar. - Answer
Diabetes Mellitus
Twin pairs with a marked difference in size at birth. - Answer Discordant Twins
A condition in which a woman's breast are markedly different in size and/or shape. This is
associated with potential milk supply problems. Also called "asymmetric "breasts. - Answer
Discrepancy Breasts
A congenital condition characterized by moderate to severe mental retardation *[textbook
definition]*. Also called trisomy 21. - Answer Down Syndrome
A group of two. In lactation terms, usually refers to a nursing mother and baby. - Answer
Dyad
A variant of galactosemia with generally milder complications. - Answer Duarte
Galactosemia
