2
University of Iowa Human Biology Exam 4 (Final) questions || || || || || || || || ||
with accurate detailed solutions
|| || ||
Urinary System - ✔✔functions to excrete nitrogenous wastes, excess solutes & water from
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the body
||
- major contributing role in maintaining homeostasis in the body
|| || || || || || || || ||
Urea - ✔✔less toxic chemical that stores high concentrations of nitrogen
|| || || || || || || || || ||
- must be excreted from the body
|| || || || || ||
Kidneys - ✔✔primary organ of urinary system, filter waste products from blood
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
- waste liquid known as urine
|| || || || ||
- filters entirety of body's blood every 5 minutes
|| || || || || || || ||
Ureters - ✔✔carry urine from kidneys to bladder
|| || || || || || ||
Bladder - ✔✔sac-like muscular organ that collects urine
|| || || || || || ||
- can store up to 600 mL of liquid
|| || || || || || || ||
- stretch receptors sense bladder size and stimulate response
|| || || || || || || ||
Urethra - ✔✔tube that carries urine from the bladder to an exterior opening
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
,2
Nephrons - ✔✔functional units of the kidney, adjust the composition and produce urine
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
- produce ~1.5 liters of urine daily
|| || || || || ||
- blood never physically enters
|| || || ||
- 1 million nephrons per kidney
|| || || || ||
Renal Artery - ✔✔supplies unfiltered blood, coming from the body, to the kidney
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
- artery branches out into multiple arterioles
|| || || || || ||
- arterioles branch and come in close contact with the nephron
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Glomerulus - ✔✔a tuft of capillaries where blood is filtered
|| || || || || || || || ||
4 Steps To Urine Formation - ✔✔Filtration
|| || || || || ||
Reabsorption
Secretion
Excretion
Filtration - ✔✔water and dissolved substances (= plasma) are filtered out of the blood
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
- leave glomerulus and enter Bowman's capsule of the nephron
|| || || || || || || || ||
Reabsorption - ✔✔useful materials (salts, water, glucose) return from the nephron to the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
blood
,2
- occurs in the proximal tube & Loop of Henle of the nephron
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Loop of Henle - ✔✔water and NaCl are returned to the blood stream in this portion of the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
nephron
Secretion - ✔✔toxic substances are secreted back into the nephron to be eliminated
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
- occurs in the distal tube of nephron
|| || || || || || ||
Excretion - ✔✔removal of waste from the body || || || || || || ||
Collecting Duct - ✔✔in nephron, delivers urine to the bladder via ureter
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Water Balance - ✔✔the kidneys and hypothalamus of the brain act in a negative feedback
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
loop to regulate water homeostasis
|| || || ||
- when H2O levels fall, ADH is released to tell the kidneys to reabsorb more H2O
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
- if H2O levels get too high, ADH stops being sent to the kidneys and more H2O is released
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
in the urine
|| ||
ADH - ✔✔hormone released by brain to kidneys to increase reabsorption of H2O
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
pH Balance - ✔✔metabolic reactions (e.g. cellular respiration) in the body produce H+ in
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the blood (i.e. make the blood acidic)
|| || || || || ||
- if blood pH falls outside the normal ~7.4, can cause fatal reaction
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
- kidneys selectively reabsorb bases in the blood & excrete acids
|| || || || || || || || || ||
, 2
O2 Balance - ✔✔when certain O2 sensitive cells in the kidney sense a fall in oxygen
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
concentrations, they increase secretion of EPO || || || || ||
- EPO hormone signals red bone marrow to increase production of RBCs (negative feedback
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
loop)
||
Bone - ✔✔connective tissue comprised of a network of collagen fibers made rigid by
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
calcium salt deposits || ||
- living tissue made up of several cell types including nerves (= innervated)
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
- vascular (contains blood vessels)
|| || || ||
5 Varieties of Bone Functions - ✔✔Support
|| || || || || ||
- rigid structure allows us to sit and stand upright
|| || || || || || || || ||
Protection
- surround and protect soft internal organs like heart and lungs
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Movement
- bone shape and distribution, aided by muscles, allow for movement
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Blood Cell Formation || ||
- in certain bone tissue, red and white blood cells produced
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Mineral Storage ||
- phosphate and calcium minerals can be drawn from bone when needed by other cells
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
University of Iowa Human Biology Exam 4 (Final) questions || || || || || || || || ||
with accurate detailed solutions
|| || ||
Urinary System - ✔✔functions to excrete nitrogenous wastes, excess solutes & water from
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the body
||
- major contributing role in maintaining homeostasis in the body
|| || || || || || || || ||
Urea - ✔✔less toxic chemical that stores high concentrations of nitrogen
|| || || || || || || || || ||
- must be excreted from the body
|| || || || || ||
Kidneys - ✔✔primary organ of urinary system, filter waste products from blood
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
- waste liquid known as urine
|| || || || ||
- filters entirety of body's blood every 5 minutes
|| || || || || || || ||
Ureters - ✔✔carry urine from kidneys to bladder
|| || || || || || ||
Bladder - ✔✔sac-like muscular organ that collects urine
|| || || || || || ||
- can store up to 600 mL of liquid
|| || || || || || || ||
- stretch receptors sense bladder size and stimulate response
|| || || || || || || ||
Urethra - ✔✔tube that carries urine from the bladder to an exterior opening
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
,2
Nephrons - ✔✔functional units of the kidney, adjust the composition and produce urine
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
- produce ~1.5 liters of urine daily
|| || || || || ||
- blood never physically enters
|| || || ||
- 1 million nephrons per kidney
|| || || || ||
Renal Artery - ✔✔supplies unfiltered blood, coming from the body, to the kidney
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
- artery branches out into multiple arterioles
|| || || || || ||
- arterioles branch and come in close contact with the nephron
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Glomerulus - ✔✔a tuft of capillaries where blood is filtered
|| || || || || || || || ||
4 Steps To Urine Formation - ✔✔Filtration
|| || || || || ||
Reabsorption
Secretion
Excretion
Filtration - ✔✔water and dissolved substances (= plasma) are filtered out of the blood
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
- leave glomerulus and enter Bowman's capsule of the nephron
|| || || || || || || || ||
Reabsorption - ✔✔useful materials (salts, water, glucose) return from the nephron to the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
blood
,2
- occurs in the proximal tube & Loop of Henle of the nephron
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Loop of Henle - ✔✔water and NaCl are returned to the blood stream in this portion of the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
nephron
Secretion - ✔✔toxic substances are secreted back into the nephron to be eliminated
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
- occurs in the distal tube of nephron
|| || || || || || ||
Excretion - ✔✔removal of waste from the body || || || || || || ||
Collecting Duct - ✔✔in nephron, delivers urine to the bladder via ureter
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Water Balance - ✔✔the kidneys and hypothalamus of the brain act in a negative feedback
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
loop to regulate water homeostasis
|| || || ||
- when H2O levels fall, ADH is released to tell the kidneys to reabsorb more H2O
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
- if H2O levels get too high, ADH stops being sent to the kidneys and more H2O is released
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
in the urine
|| ||
ADH - ✔✔hormone released by brain to kidneys to increase reabsorption of H2O
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
pH Balance - ✔✔metabolic reactions (e.g. cellular respiration) in the body produce H+ in
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the blood (i.e. make the blood acidic)
|| || || || || ||
- if blood pH falls outside the normal ~7.4, can cause fatal reaction
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
- kidneys selectively reabsorb bases in the blood & excrete acids
|| || || || || || || || || ||
, 2
O2 Balance - ✔✔when certain O2 sensitive cells in the kidney sense a fall in oxygen
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
concentrations, they increase secretion of EPO || || || || ||
- EPO hormone signals red bone marrow to increase production of RBCs (negative feedback
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
loop)
||
Bone - ✔✔connective tissue comprised of a network of collagen fibers made rigid by
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
calcium salt deposits || ||
- living tissue made up of several cell types including nerves (= innervated)
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
- vascular (contains blood vessels)
|| || || ||
5 Varieties of Bone Functions - ✔✔Support
|| || || || || ||
- rigid structure allows us to sit and stand upright
|| || || || || || || || ||
Protection
- surround and protect soft internal organs like heart and lungs
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Movement
- bone shape and distribution, aided by muscles, allow for movement
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Blood Cell Formation || ||
- in certain bone tissue, red and white blood cells produced
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Mineral Storage ||
- phosphate and calcium minerals can be drawn from bone when needed by other cells
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
