MCB3023 FINAL|| 296 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS (ALL CORRECT)
When the diet of a ruminant is drastically changed from grass to a starch rich diet,
the ruminant may become very ill or die because - ANSWER-of the production of
large amounts of acid, resulting in acidosis
Lichens contain - ANSWER-at least one fungal heterotrophic partner and at least
one phototrophic partner
The bacterial group that is responsible for root nodule formation in legumes is -
ANSWER-Rhizobia
Humans have a - ANSWER-colonic fermentation
Leghemoglobin produced by plants is important for - ANSWER-oxygen supply
Which of these contains zooxanthellae as photosynthetic symbionts? - ANSWER-
corals
How do termites obtain nitrogen in their diet? - ANSWER-From nitrogen fixing
bacteria in their gut.
These genes are important for root nodule formation - ANSWER-nod
The majority of Archaea found in the human intestinal tract are - ANSWER-
methanogens
What is an endophyte? - ANSWER-a symbiont that lives inside plant cells
What is the human microbiome composed of? - ANSWER-all microbes that live on or
within the human body
What are Zooxanthellae? - ANSWER-photosynthetic symbionts of corals
Most primary endosymbionts of insects have all these in common, EXCEPT -
ANSWER-nitrogen fixation genes
An example of a rumen fermenter is the - ANSWER-sheep
Many of the rumen bacteria specialize in the breakdown of these macromolecules -
ANSWER-cellulose polymers
Which genes are encoding for subunits of nitrogenase, the main enzyme for nitrogen
fixation? - ANSWER-nif genes
,What is the e- donor for bacterial symbionts of tubeworms at hydrothermal vents? -
ANSWER-H2S
Which of these is characteristic of the enzyme nitrogenase? - ANSWER-it is
irreversibly inactivated by oxygen
Camels have a - ANSWER-rumen fermentation
Herbivores mostly require microorganisms to help them with the digestion of this
compound - ANSWER-cellulose
Which of these is true of a mutualistic relationship? - ANSWER-both organisms
benefit
How does vertical transmission of a pathogen occur? - ANSWER-From mother to
offspring
The Ebola virus is transmitted by a ____ mechanism - ANSWER-zoonotic
This is an example of a virus known to undergo evolutionary change by reassortment
of genetic elements: - ANSWER-influenza virus
Antibodies are: - ANSWER-produced by B cells
Some T cells (T lymphocytes): - ANSWER-induce necrosis of cells
In the CRISPR-Cas System, which component is responsible for phage destruction?
- ANSWER-cRNA subunits
Which is an example of innate immunity? - ANSWER-The removal of a bacterial cell
in the lungs by a resident macrophage
Which cells are destroyed by hemolysins? - ANSWER-red blood cells
LPS in Gram-negative contain - ANSWER-an O-antigen
Which one of the following statements is NOT one of Koch's postulates? - ANSWER-
identify and characterize endotoxins from the isolated microbe
Which is studied in the field of epidemiology? - ANSWER-the spread patterns of all
diseases
Name the type of viral infection in which the viral genome is present in infected cells
but the virus only replicates sporadically - ANSWER-latent
Which of these could be accomplished with an ELISA? - ANSWER-detection of
specific antibodies in serum
Pathogenicity islands are blocks of genes on the bacterial chromosomes that most
likely arose from this process - ANSWER-horizontal gene transfer
, The emergence of HIV/AIDS disease was most likely a result of: - ANSWER-a rare
zoonotic transfer of a retrovirus strain to humans
Pathogenic E. coli strain O157:H7 evolved from a non=pathogenic strain as a result
of this genetic change - ANSWER-the acquisition of virulence genes via horizontal
gene transfer
The term describing a clustering of virulence genes on the chromosome of a
pathogenic microbe is: - ANSWER-pathogenicity island
Which of these results in immunological memory? - ANSWER-the adaptive immune
response
Which one of the following is NOT a nonspecific natural defense barrier against
microbial invasion? - ANSWER-antibodies produced from B lymphocytes
What is the primary effect of microbial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the host? -
ANSWER-Triggers an intense inflammatory response
Botulinum toxin belongs to a group of toxins called A-B toxins. What does the term
"A-B" refer to? - ANSWER-Their enzymatically active subunit and their cell-binding
subunit.
The Tir/Intimin system of pathogenic E. coli is used for - ANSWER-attachment to
host cells
Which of these is NOT a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer? - ANSWER-
inherited DNA from mother cell to daughter cell
The term for properties of pathogens that aid in causing disease is: - ANSWER-
virulence factors
Bacteria can 'steal' iron from host cells through their production of: - ANSWER-
siderophores
Evolution of viruses by reassortment causes dramatic changes to the virus. This is
referred to as _____________ . - ANSWER-antigenic shift
What are the two main functions of B cells? - ANSWER-Activation of helper T cells
and antibody production.
What is the prevalence rate of a disease? - ANSWER-The number of cases of the
disease within a specified number of the population.
Name the type of viral infection in which the viral genome is present in infected cells
but the virus only replicates sporadically. - ANSWER-latent
Why do RNA viruses have a high mutation rate? - ANSWER-Their RNA-dependent
RNA polymerases lack a proofreading function.
AND ANSWERS (ALL CORRECT)
When the diet of a ruminant is drastically changed from grass to a starch rich diet,
the ruminant may become very ill or die because - ANSWER-of the production of
large amounts of acid, resulting in acidosis
Lichens contain - ANSWER-at least one fungal heterotrophic partner and at least
one phototrophic partner
The bacterial group that is responsible for root nodule formation in legumes is -
ANSWER-Rhizobia
Humans have a - ANSWER-colonic fermentation
Leghemoglobin produced by plants is important for - ANSWER-oxygen supply
Which of these contains zooxanthellae as photosynthetic symbionts? - ANSWER-
corals
How do termites obtain nitrogen in their diet? - ANSWER-From nitrogen fixing
bacteria in their gut.
These genes are important for root nodule formation - ANSWER-nod
The majority of Archaea found in the human intestinal tract are - ANSWER-
methanogens
What is an endophyte? - ANSWER-a symbiont that lives inside plant cells
What is the human microbiome composed of? - ANSWER-all microbes that live on or
within the human body
What are Zooxanthellae? - ANSWER-photosynthetic symbionts of corals
Most primary endosymbionts of insects have all these in common, EXCEPT -
ANSWER-nitrogen fixation genes
An example of a rumen fermenter is the - ANSWER-sheep
Many of the rumen bacteria specialize in the breakdown of these macromolecules -
ANSWER-cellulose polymers
Which genes are encoding for subunits of nitrogenase, the main enzyme for nitrogen
fixation? - ANSWER-nif genes
,What is the e- donor for bacterial symbionts of tubeworms at hydrothermal vents? -
ANSWER-H2S
Which of these is characteristic of the enzyme nitrogenase? - ANSWER-it is
irreversibly inactivated by oxygen
Camels have a - ANSWER-rumen fermentation
Herbivores mostly require microorganisms to help them with the digestion of this
compound - ANSWER-cellulose
Which of these is true of a mutualistic relationship? - ANSWER-both organisms
benefit
How does vertical transmission of a pathogen occur? - ANSWER-From mother to
offspring
The Ebola virus is transmitted by a ____ mechanism - ANSWER-zoonotic
This is an example of a virus known to undergo evolutionary change by reassortment
of genetic elements: - ANSWER-influenza virus
Antibodies are: - ANSWER-produced by B cells
Some T cells (T lymphocytes): - ANSWER-induce necrosis of cells
In the CRISPR-Cas System, which component is responsible for phage destruction?
- ANSWER-cRNA subunits
Which is an example of innate immunity? - ANSWER-The removal of a bacterial cell
in the lungs by a resident macrophage
Which cells are destroyed by hemolysins? - ANSWER-red blood cells
LPS in Gram-negative contain - ANSWER-an O-antigen
Which one of the following statements is NOT one of Koch's postulates? - ANSWER-
identify and characterize endotoxins from the isolated microbe
Which is studied in the field of epidemiology? - ANSWER-the spread patterns of all
diseases
Name the type of viral infection in which the viral genome is present in infected cells
but the virus only replicates sporadically - ANSWER-latent
Which of these could be accomplished with an ELISA? - ANSWER-detection of
specific antibodies in serum
Pathogenicity islands are blocks of genes on the bacterial chromosomes that most
likely arose from this process - ANSWER-horizontal gene transfer
, The emergence of HIV/AIDS disease was most likely a result of: - ANSWER-a rare
zoonotic transfer of a retrovirus strain to humans
Pathogenic E. coli strain O157:H7 evolved from a non=pathogenic strain as a result
of this genetic change - ANSWER-the acquisition of virulence genes via horizontal
gene transfer
The term describing a clustering of virulence genes on the chromosome of a
pathogenic microbe is: - ANSWER-pathogenicity island
Which of these results in immunological memory? - ANSWER-the adaptive immune
response
Which one of the following is NOT a nonspecific natural defense barrier against
microbial invasion? - ANSWER-antibodies produced from B lymphocytes
What is the primary effect of microbial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the host? -
ANSWER-Triggers an intense inflammatory response
Botulinum toxin belongs to a group of toxins called A-B toxins. What does the term
"A-B" refer to? - ANSWER-Their enzymatically active subunit and their cell-binding
subunit.
The Tir/Intimin system of pathogenic E. coli is used for - ANSWER-attachment to
host cells
Which of these is NOT a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer? - ANSWER-
inherited DNA from mother cell to daughter cell
The term for properties of pathogens that aid in causing disease is: - ANSWER-
virulence factors
Bacteria can 'steal' iron from host cells through their production of: - ANSWER-
siderophores
Evolution of viruses by reassortment causes dramatic changes to the virus. This is
referred to as _____________ . - ANSWER-antigenic shift
What are the two main functions of B cells? - ANSWER-Activation of helper T cells
and antibody production.
What is the prevalence rate of a disease? - ANSWER-The number of cases of the
disease within a specified number of the population.
Name the type of viral infection in which the viral genome is present in infected cells
but the virus only replicates sporadically. - ANSWER-latent
Why do RNA viruses have a high mutation rate? - ANSWER-Their RNA-dependent
RNA polymerases lack a proofreading function.
