ALU 201 Exam (Chapter 11) – Questions With
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Terms in this set (87)
most significant measure of severity gradient across the valve
for aortic stenosis
transesophageal echo is used to endocarditis, aortic root disease, atrial septal defect
assess the following heart diseases
causes of death after heart valve blood clots on the valve, ventricular arrhythmias,
surgery include: brain embolism
grades of heart murmurs p2 Graded on a One (1) to Six (6) scale. One being the
least concerning.
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Mitral regurgitation associated with dilated
cardiomyopathy is due to annular dilatation, left
ventricular dilations and dysfunction of papillary
muscles & is associated with high mortality rates.
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Is the basic measurement of left ventricular function
and is an important prognostic indicator in all types
of heart disease.Normal EF 55-65%, severe ef <35%.
aortic stenosis is the narrowing of the aortic valve which causes left
ventricular outflow obstructions. Causes: congenital
abnormal valve with calcification, normal trileaflet
valve w/degnerative changes, rheumatic valve
disease.
,symptoms and diagnosis of aortic Include: dyspnea, decreased exercise tolerance,
stenosis, pg 8 syncope, dizziness, & angina. Usually do not develop
until the AS is moderate to severe.
aortic regurgitation Is the blood flow from the aorta to the left ventricle
during diastole.This backwards blood flow is due to
incomplete closure of aortic valve. It is also called
aortic insufficiency.
diagnosis of aortic regurgitation, p 12 Symptoms include fatigue,dyspna, angina or
palpitations and are usually associated w/severe
disease. Mild/Mod AR can remain stable for years.
Exercise capacity is not an indicator or AR severity.
Mitral stenosis The majority of cased are due to scarring of the
mitral valve from rheumatic fever. Mitral stenosis is a
progessive disease. Symptoms include dyspnea
w/exercise, Mod/severe can have symptoms @rest.
Complications: Atrial Fibrillation, Pulmonary edema,
thromboembolism, pulmonary hemorrhage.
mitral regurgitation Blood flow from left ventricle to left atrium during
systole. Backwards flow of blood is due to
incomplete closure of the mitral valve. Also called
Mitral insufficiency. A trivial leak or whiff of MR can
occur across normal valves.
mitral valve prolapse When one or both mitral valve leaflets are too large
or too long. Resulting in uneven closure of the valve
which bulge or prolapse into the left atrium. MPV is
also called the click-murmur syndrome,balloon or
floppy valve or barlow's syndrome.
Ross operation for Aortic valve An alternative to mechanical or bioprosthetic valve.
disease p11 The aortic valve is replaced with the patient's own
pulmonary valve (autograft)which is then used to
replace the pulmonary valve.
, Tran-thoracic Echocardiogram TTE the standard echo, uses transducer on chest to
direct ultrasound beams to heart. Hypertrophy in
hypertensive heart disease is best assessed by TTE &
hypertropic cardiomyopathy.
Transesophageal Echo TEE, involves placement of US transducer on
endoscope that is passed down esophagus for a
close look at heart structures w/o interference by
lung tissue. Used for barrel shaped chest, extremely
obese, ppl w/ emphysema, intra-cardiac factors such
as atrial septal defect or patent foramen ovale. aortic
root disease.
heart murmurs common. As many as 80% of children develop a
murmur between one and four years of age and 99%
of these are functional, which means they are benign,
innocent or normal murmurs. By age 20, 5-10% of
persons have a persistent, but normal, childhood
murmur. However, a murmur can also suggest the
possibility of valvular heart disease
diagnosing murmur An experienced cardiologist can usually distinguish
between a benign and a pathological murmur.
simplified since 1975 with echocardiogram, and no
longer necessary for great auscultatory skills
Where murmurs are heard, pg 11 A, P, T, M show approximate locations of Aortic Valve,
Pulmonary Valve, Tricuspid Valve, and Mitral Valve
respectively. However, sounds originating at a valve
are usually best heard in an area elsewhere than over
the valve. Sounds originating:
1) at the aortic valve seem to be carried up the aorta
and are best heard at the Aortic Area, AA;
2) at the pulmonary valve seem to be carried up the
pulmonary artery to the Pulmonary Area, PA;.
3) at the tricuspid valve seem to be carried down the
right ventricle to the Tricuspid Area, TA;
4) at the mitral valve seem to be carried down the
left ventricle toward the apex to the Mitral Area, MA.
Applicable Solutions
Save
Terms in this set (87)
most significant measure of severity gradient across the valve
for aortic stenosis
transesophageal echo is used to endocarditis, aortic root disease, atrial septal defect
assess the following heart diseases
causes of death after heart valve blood clots on the valve, ventricular arrhythmias,
surgery include: brain embolism
grades of heart murmurs p2 Graded on a One (1) to Six (6) scale. One being the
least concerning.
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Mitral regurgitation associated with dilated
cardiomyopathy is due to annular dilatation, left
ventricular dilations and dysfunction of papillary
muscles & is associated with high mortality rates.
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Is the basic measurement of left ventricular function
and is an important prognostic indicator in all types
of heart disease.Normal EF 55-65%, severe ef <35%.
aortic stenosis is the narrowing of the aortic valve which causes left
ventricular outflow obstructions. Causes: congenital
abnormal valve with calcification, normal trileaflet
valve w/degnerative changes, rheumatic valve
disease.
,symptoms and diagnosis of aortic Include: dyspnea, decreased exercise tolerance,
stenosis, pg 8 syncope, dizziness, & angina. Usually do not develop
until the AS is moderate to severe.
aortic regurgitation Is the blood flow from the aorta to the left ventricle
during diastole.This backwards blood flow is due to
incomplete closure of aortic valve. It is also called
aortic insufficiency.
diagnosis of aortic regurgitation, p 12 Symptoms include fatigue,dyspna, angina or
palpitations and are usually associated w/severe
disease. Mild/Mod AR can remain stable for years.
Exercise capacity is not an indicator or AR severity.
Mitral stenosis The majority of cased are due to scarring of the
mitral valve from rheumatic fever. Mitral stenosis is a
progessive disease. Symptoms include dyspnea
w/exercise, Mod/severe can have symptoms @rest.
Complications: Atrial Fibrillation, Pulmonary edema,
thromboembolism, pulmonary hemorrhage.
mitral regurgitation Blood flow from left ventricle to left atrium during
systole. Backwards flow of blood is due to
incomplete closure of the mitral valve. Also called
Mitral insufficiency. A trivial leak or whiff of MR can
occur across normal valves.
mitral valve prolapse When one or both mitral valve leaflets are too large
or too long. Resulting in uneven closure of the valve
which bulge or prolapse into the left atrium. MPV is
also called the click-murmur syndrome,balloon or
floppy valve or barlow's syndrome.
Ross operation for Aortic valve An alternative to mechanical or bioprosthetic valve.
disease p11 The aortic valve is replaced with the patient's own
pulmonary valve (autograft)which is then used to
replace the pulmonary valve.
, Tran-thoracic Echocardiogram TTE the standard echo, uses transducer on chest to
direct ultrasound beams to heart. Hypertrophy in
hypertensive heart disease is best assessed by TTE &
hypertropic cardiomyopathy.
Transesophageal Echo TEE, involves placement of US transducer on
endoscope that is passed down esophagus for a
close look at heart structures w/o interference by
lung tissue. Used for barrel shaped chest, extremely
obese, ppl w/ emphysema, intra-cardiac factors such
as atrial septal defect or patent foramen ovale. aortic
root disease.
heart murmurs common. As many as 80% of children develop a
murmur between one and four years of age and 99%
of these are functional, which means they are benign,
innocent or normal murmurs. By age 20, 5-10% of
persons have a persistent, but normal, childhood
murmur. However, a murmur can also suggest the
possibility of valvular heart disease
diagnosing murmur An experienced cardiologist can usually distinguish
between a benign and a pathological murmur.
simplified since 1975 with echocardiogram, and no
longer necessary for great auscultatory skills
Where murmurs are heard, pg 11 A, P, T, M show approximate locations of Aortic Valve,
Pulmonary Valve, Tricuspid Valve, and Mitral Valve
respectively. However, sounds originating at a valve
are usually best heard in an area elsewhere than over
the valve. Sounds originating:
1) at the aortic valve seem to be carried up the aorta
and are best heard at the Aortic Area, AA;
2) at the pulmonary valve seem to be carried up the
pulmonary artery to the Pulmonary Area, PA;.
3) at the tricuspid valve seem to be carried down the
right ventricle to the Tricuspid Area, TA;
4) at the mitral valve seem to be carried down the
left ventricle toward the apex to the Mitral Area, MA.
