ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 6011 FINAL
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
(VERIFIED AND UPDATED)
Difference between virus and bacteria - ANS Bacteria can exist on their own (no nuclei or
substructures)
Viruses need a host cell and use its genetic DNA
Role of DNA in protein synthesis - ANS DNA acts as a template for RNA and encodes the
sequence of proteins
Role of mRNA in protein synthesis - ANS mRNA is a single-strand of RNA
it moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm Ribosomes read the mRNA code
produce a chain of amino acids.
Role of tRNA in protein synthesis - ANS tRNA brings amino acids made by the mRNA to the
ribosome where proteins are constructed,
reads the message of nucleic acids
TRANSLATES it into proteins.
Role of ribosomes in protein synthesis - ANS organelles that synthesize protein
Binds to mRNA
reads the code in it
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,produces a chain of amino acids.
(Catalyzes the synthesis of protein chains from amino acids)
What is the microbiome? - ANS The microbiome are the microbial organisms that live within
the intestines, skin, and within mucus membranes.
How does the microbiome prevent disease? - ANS The microbiome can impact how toxicants
are absorbed (or not absorbed) into the body and impact our susceptibility to disease.
Define: Environmental response gene - ANS This dictates a person's response to certain
environmental exposures, but without exposure it has no health consequence.
Epigenetics - ANS heritable changes in the phenotype without changes in the DNA structure
(genotype).
The environment can change what genes are expressed and when.
Epigenetics determines which genes are expressed (turned on or off).
Central Dogma of DNA to Protein - ANS DNA - Transcription - RNA - Translation - Protein
Main Categories of Genetic Mutations - ANS 1. Microlesions
2. Macrolesions
Types of Microlesions - ANS 1. Base-pair substitution
2. Frameshift Mutations
Types of Macrolesions - ANS 1. Aberrations
2. Changes in chromosome number (aneuploidy, polyploidy)
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, base-pair substitution - ANS -point mutation that changes the genetic sequence of base pairs
(AT/CG)
-caused by an interaction with an outside chemical
-does not always change the function (but can)
frameshift mutations - ANS -Insertion or deletion of one or more bases (AT/GC) in the
sequence.
-Changes the reading frame.
-Almost always get an altered protein, often leads to non-functional.
chromosome aberrations - ANS Change in chromosome structure via deletion, duplication,
inversion, translocation.
Benzene, ionizing radiation can cause it.
difference between aneuploidy and polyploidy - ANS Aneuploidy is the presence of an
abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell. ... Polyploidy is the presence of a new, extra set of
the chromosome in the cells.
4 types of chromosomal aberrations (macrolesion) - ANS 1. Deletion
2. Translocation
3. Duplication
4. Inversion
deletion - ANS A chromosome segment is lost completely
translocation - ANS A segment from a chromosome is transferred to another one
duplication - ANS A segment from one chromosome is transferred to its homologous
chromosome, duplicating of some genes
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
(VERIFIED AND UPDATED)
Difference between virus and bacteria - ANS Bacteria can exist on their own (no nuclei or
substructures)
Viruses need a host cell and use its genetic DNA
Role of DNA in protein synthesis - ANS DNA acts as a template for RNA and encodes the
sequence of proteins
Role of mRNA in protein synthesis - ANS mRNA is a single-strand of RNA
it moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm Ribosomes read the mRNA code
produce a chain of amino acids.
Role of tRNA in protein synthesis - ANS tRNA brings amino acids made by the mRNA to the
ribosome where proteins are constructed,
reads the message of nucleic acids
TRANSLATES it into proteins.
Role of ribosomes in protein synthesis - ANS organelles that synthesize protein
Binds to mRNA
reads the code in it
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,produces a chain of amino acids.
(Catalyzes the synthesis of protein chains from amino acids)
What is the microbiome? - ANS The microbiome are the microbial organisms that live within
the intestines, skin, and within mucus membranes.
How does the microbiome prevent disease? - ANS The microbiome can impact how toxicants
are absorbed (or not absorbed) into the body and impact our susceptibility to disease.
Define: Environmental response gene - ANS This dictates a person's response to certain
environmental exposures, but without exposure it has no health consequence.
Epigenetics - ANS heritable changes in the phenotype without changes in the DNA structure
(genotype).
The environment can change what genes are expressed and when.
Epigenetics determines which genes are expressed (turned on or off).
Central Dogma of DNA to Protein - ANS DNA - Transcription - RNA - Translation - Protein
Main Categories of Genetic Mutations - ANS 1. Microlesions
2. Macrolesions
Types of Microlesions - ANS 1. Base-pair substitution
2. Frameshift Mutations
Types of Macrolesions - ANS 1. Aberrations
2. Changes in chromosome number (aneuploidy, polyploidy)
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, base-pair substitution - ANS -point mutation that changes the genetic sequence of base pairs
(AT/CG)
-caused by an interaction with an outside chemical
-does not always change the function (but can)
frameshift mutations - ANS -Insertion or deletion of one or more bases (AT/GC) in the
sequence.
-Changes the reading frame.
-Almost always get an altered protein, often leads to non-functional.
chromosome aberrations - ANS Change in chromosome structure via deletion, duplication,
inversion, translocation.
Benzene, ionizing radiation can cause it.
difference between aneuploidy and polyploidy - ANS Aneuploidy is the presence of an
abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell. ... Polyploidy is the presence of a new, extra set of
the chromosome in the cells.
4 types of chromosomal aberrations (macrolesion) - ANS 1. Deletion
2. Translocation
3. Duplication
4. Inversion
deletion - ANS A chromosome segment is lost completely
translocation - ANS A segment from a chromosome is transferred to another one
duplication - ANS A segment from one chromosome is transferred to its homologous
chromosome, duplicating of some genes
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
