NR507 Week 8 Final Exam 2026 Advanced
Pathophysiology - Complete Set 300
Questions with Verified Answers &
Rationales Due: 1st March 2026 | A+ Grade
Guaranteed
DOMAIN I: Cellular Adaptation, Injury & Neoplasia (Questions 1-
40)
1. Which cellular adaptation occurs in response to chronic hypoxia
in lung tissue?
A) Atrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
✅ Correct Answer: B - Hyperplasia
📖 Rationale: Chronic hypoxia stimulates hyperplasia, an increase
in cell number, to enhance oxygen exchange in lung tissue.
Atrophy is cell shrinkage, metaplasia is cell type change, and
dysplasia is abnormal growth .
2. What is the primary mechanism of necrosis?
A) Programmed cell death
B) Uncontrolled cell death due to severe injury
C) Reversible cell swelling
,D) Chromatin condensation
✅ Correct Answer: B - Uncontrolled cell death due to severe injury
📖 Rationale: Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death caused by severe
injury, unlike apoptosis which is programmed cell death .
3. Which type of cellular adaptation is seen in Barrett's esophagus?
A) Atrophy
B) Hypertrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
✅ Correct Answer: C - Metaplasia
📖 Rationale: Barrett's esophagus involves metaplasia, where
squamous epithelium is replaced by columnar epithelium due to
chronic acid reflux .
4. Which free radical is most damaging to cell membranes?
A) Nitric oxide
B) Hydroxyl radical
C) Superoxide anion
D) Hydrogen peroxide
✅ Correct Answer: B - Hydroxyl radical
📖 Rationale: Hydroxyl radicals are highly reactive, causing lipid
peroxidation and membrane damage. Other radicals are less
potent .
5. A 45-year-old male with chronic alcohol use shows ballooning
hepatocytes on biopsy. What process is occurring?
A) Apoptosis
,B) Fatty change
C) Metaplasia
D) Hyperplasia
✅ Correct Answer: B - Fatty change
📖 Rationale: Ballooning hepatocytes indicate fatty change
(steatosis) due to alcohol-induced lipid accumulation in liver cells .
6. What is the hallmark of reversible cell injury?
A) Cell membrane rupture
B) Cellular swelling
C) Nuclear fragmentation
D) Lysosomal enzyme release
✅ Correct Answer: B - Cellular swelling
📖 Rationale: Cellular swelling due to impaired ion pumps is
reversible if the injury is corrected. Membrane rupture indicates
irreversible damage .
7. Which conditions are associated with cellular hypertrophy?
(Select all that apply)
A) Cardiac muscle in hypertension
B) Skeletal muscle in weightlifters
C) Endometrial lining in menstruation
D) Smooth muscle in pregnancy
✅ Correct Answer: A, B, D
📖 Rationale: Hypertrophy is increased cell size, seen in cardiac and
skeletal muscle under stress and uterine smooth muscle in
pregnancy. Endometrial changes are hyperplasia .
, 8. What is DNA methylation?
A) The attachment of a methyl group to a cytosine base followed
by a guanine base
B) The removal of histone proteins from DNA
C) The duplication of DNA during cell division
D) The repair of damaged DNA strands
✅ Correct Answer: A - The attachment of a methyl group to a
cytosine base followed by a guanine base
📖 Rationale: DNA methylation causes a gene to become
transcriptionally inactive or silent. Epigenetic processes play a
major role in cancer initiation and progression .
9. Which syndrome is caused by deletion of 4 million base pairs of
the long arm of chromosome 15 with paternal inheritance?
A) Angelman Syndrome
B) Prader-Willi Syndrome
C) Down Syndrome
D) Turner Syndrome
✅ Correct Answer: B - Prader-Willi Syndrome
📖 Rationale: Prader-Willi syndrome is paternally inherited and
features short stature, hypotonia, small hands and feet, obesity,
mild to moderate mental retardation, and hypogonadism .
10. Which syndrome is caused by deletion of the same
chromosome region but with maternal inheritance?
A) Prader-Willi Syndrome
B) Angelman Syndrome
Pathophysiology - Complete Set 300
Questions with Verified Answers &
Rationales Due: 1st March 2026 | A+ Grade
Guaranteed
DOMAIN I: Cellular Adaptation, Injury & Neoplasia (Questions 1-
40)
1. Which cellular adaptation occurs in response to chronic hypoxia
in lung tissue?
A) Atrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
✅ Correct Answer: B - Hyperplasia
📖 Rationale: Chronic hypoxia stimulates hyperplasia, an increase
in cell number, to enhance oxygen exchange in lung tissue.
Atrophy is cell shrinkage, metaplasia is cell type change, and
dysplasia is abnormal growth .
2. What is the primary mechanism of necrosis?
A) Programmed cell death
B) Uncontrolled cell death due to severe injury
C) Reversible cell swelling
,D) Chromatin condensation
✅ Correct Answer: B - Uncontrolled cell death due to severe injury
📖 Rationale: Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death caused by severe
injury, unlike apoptosis which is programmed cell death .
3. Which type of cellular adaptation is seen in Barrett's esophagus?
A) Atrophy
B) Hypertrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
✅ Correct Answer: C - Metaplasia
📖 Rationale: Barrett's esophagus involves metaplasia, where
squamous epithelium is replaced by columnar epithelium due to
chronic acid reflux .
4. Which free radical is most damaging to cell membranes?
A) Nitric oxide
B) Hydroxyl radical
C) Superoxide anion
D) Hydrogen peroxide
✅ Correct Answer: B - Hydroxyl radical
📖 Rationale: Hydroxyl radicals are highly reactive, causing lipid
peroxidation and membrane damage. Other radicals are less
potent .
5. A 45-year-old male with chronic alcohol use shows ballooning
hepatocytes on biopsy. What process is occurring?
A) Apoptosis
,B) Fatty change
C) Metaplasia
D) Hyperplasia
✅ Correct Answer: B - Fatty change
📖 Rationale: Ballooning hepatocytes indicate fatty change
(steatosis) due to alcohol-induced lipid accumulation in liver cells .
6. What is the hallmark of reversible cell injury?
A) Cell membrane rupture
B) Cellular swelling
C) Nuclear fragmentation
D) Lysosomal enzyme release
✅ Correct Answer: B - Cellular swelling
📖 Rationale: Cellular swelling due to impaired ion pumps is
reversible if the injury is corrected. Membrane rupture indicates
irreversible damage .
7. Which conditions are associated with cellular hypertrophy?
(Select all that apply)
A) Cardiac muscle in hypertension
B) Skeletal muscle in weightlifters
C) Endometrial lining in menstruation
D) Smooth muscle in pregnancy
✅ Correct Answer: A, B, D
📖 Rationale: Hypertrophy is increased cell size, seen in cardiac and
skeletal muscle under stress and uterine smooth muscle in
pregnancy. Endometrial changes are hyperplasia .
, 8. What is DNA methylation?
A) The attachment of a methyl group to a cytosine base followed
by a guanine base
B) The removal of histone proteins from DNA
C) The duplication of DNA during cell division
D) The repair of damaged DNA strands
✅ Correct Answer: A - The attachment of a methyl group to a
cytosine base followed by a guanine base
📖 Rationale: DNA methylation causes a gene to become
transcriptionally inactive or silent. Epigenetic processes play a
major role in cancer initiation and progression .
9. Which syndrome is caused by deletion of 4 million base pairs of
the long arm of chromosome 15 with paternal inheritance?
A) Angelman Syndrome
B) Prader-Willi Syndrome
C) Down Syndrome
D) Turner Syndrome
✅ Correct Answer: B - Prader-Willi Syndrome
📖 Rationale: Prader-Willi syndrome is paternally inherited and
features short stature, hypotonia, small hands and feet, obesity,
mild to moderate mental retardation, and hypogonadism .
10. Which syndrome is caused by deletion of the same
chromosome region but with maternal inheritance?
A) Prader-Willi Syndrome
B) Angelman Syndrome
