PSYC 240- EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS (VERIFIED AND UPDATED)
Self report - ANS recording people answers to questions about themselves
thoughts, feelings, behaviors
self report example - ANS likert scale, surveys, questionaries,
observational - ANS taking stress out on objects or behavioral self-indicators
observational example - ANS Duchenne's smile
physiological - ANS stress hormones in saliva, heart rate, skin conductance, eye blinks
continuous variables - ANS measured along a continuum, can be measured in whole or
fractional units
discrete variables - ANS measured in categories or whole units
quantitative variables - ANS vary by amount and are measured in numeric units
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,AKA Numerical variable
Can be continuous or discrete
qualitative variables - ANS vary by class and are used to describe nonnumeric aspects of
phenomenon
AKA Categorical variable
Can only be discrete
categorical variable - ANS AKA differences in kind
Levels are qualitatively distinct categories
A nominal variable is a type of categorical variables in which categories have no inherent order
E.g., blood type
quantitative variable - ANS AKA differences in amount
Variables are coded with meaningful numbers.
E.g., heart rate
ordinal scale - ANS Measurements where values convey order, rank, or position
One value is greater than or less than another value
interval scales - ANS Measurements with:
Equidistant scales
No true zero
ratio scales - ANS Measurements with:
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Equidistant scales
True zero
equidistant scales - ANS Intervals with values distributed in equal units
true zero - ANS a scale in which a score of "0" indicate the absence of something
reliability - ANS How consistent the results of a measure are
Just because a measure is reliable does not mean it's valid.
Reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity.
validity - ANS Whether the operationalization is measuring what it's supposed to measure.
Accuracy
Truthfulness or truthiness
Reliability - ANS consistency of the measurement
3 types of consistency
• Over time (test-retest reliability)
• Across items (internal consistency)
• Across researchers (interrater reliability)
evaluating reliability - ANS Association claim
Scatterplot
Pearson's Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient "r"
A single number that describes how close the dots on a scatterplot are to the line drawn
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
ANSWERS (VERIFIED AND UPDATED)
Self report - ANS recording people answers to questions about themselves
thoughts, feelings, behaviors
self report example - ANS likert scale, surveys, questionaries,
observational - ANS taking stress out on objects or behavioral self-indicators
observational example - ANS Duchenne's smile
physiological - ANS stress hormones in saliva, heart rate, skin conductance, eye blinks
continuous variables - ANS measured along a continuum, can be measured in whole or
fractional units
discrete variables - ANS measured in categories or whole units
quantitative variables - ANS vary by amount and are measured in numeric units
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,AKA Numerical variable
Can be continuous or discrete
qualitative variables - ANS vary by class and are used to describe nonnumeric aspects of
phenomenon
AKA Categorical variable
Can only be discrete
categorical variable - ANS AKA differences in kind
Levels are qualitatively distinct categories
A nominal variable is a type of categorical variables in which categories have no inherent order
E.g., blood type
quantitative variable - ANS AKA differences in amount
Variables are coded with meaningful numbers.
E.g., heart rate
ordinal scale - ANS Measurements where values convey order, rank, or position
One value is greater than or less than another value
interval scales - ANS Measurements with:
Equidistant scales
No true zero
ratio scales - ANS Measurements with:
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Equidistant scales
True zero
equidistant scales - ANS Intervals with values distributed in equal units
true zero - ANS a scale in which a score of "0" indicate the absence of something
reliability - ANS How consistent the results of a measure are
Just because a measure is reliable does not mean it's valid.
Reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity.
validity - ANS Whether the operationalization is measuring what it's supposed to measure.
Accuracy
Truthfulness or truthiness
Reliability - ANS consistency of the measurement
3 types of consistency
• Over time (test-retest reliability)
• Across items (internal consistency)
• Across researchers (interrater reliability)
evaluating reliability - ANS Association claim
Scatterplot
Pearson's Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient "r"
A single number that describes how close the dots on a scatterplot are to the line drawn
@2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
