CHAPTER 4 HARTMANS NURSING ASSISTANT
CARE 2026 FINAL REVIEW PACK COMPLETE
QUESTION SET AND CORE CONCEPT
SUMMARY
◉ Metabolism. Answer: The body's physical and chemical processes.
◉ Integumentary System. Answer: Includes skin, sweat glands, hair
follicles, tiny blood vessels, and tiny nerve endings. Protective
covering that protects organs, prevents loss of too much water, and
protects against bacteria or germs.
◉ Capillaries. Answer: Tiny blood vessels
◉ Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous Tissue. Answer: Three layers of
skin
◉ Dilate. Answer: Widen
◉ Constrict. Answer: Narrow
,◉ Normal Skin Aging. Answer: Skin is thinner, drier, more fragile,
less elastic, feels colder due to fat loss, hair thins and may turn gray,
wrinkles and brown spots appear, nails are harder and more brittle,
dry itchy skin is possible
◉ Muscoloskeletal System. Answer: Includes muscles, bones,
ligaments, tendons, and cartilage that give the body shape and
structure. They work together to move the body, protect organs,
maintain posture, and produce heat.
◉ 206. Answer: # of bones in the body
◉ Joint. Answer: Where two bones meet
◉ Tendons. Answer: Where muscles are joined to bones
◉ Atrophy. Answer: Muscle wasting away, decreasing in size, and
becoming weak
◉ Contracture. Answer: When muscles shortern, become inflexible,
and freeze in position.
, ◉ Normal Muscoloskeletal Changes. Answer: Muscles weaken and
lose tone, body movement slows, bones lose density, joints may
stiffen and become painful, height is gradually lost.
◉ Arthritis. Answer: Inflammation of the joints.
◉ Autoimmune Illness. Answer: Causes the body's immune system
to attack normal tissue in the body.
◉ Osteoarthritis. Answer: A common type of arthritis that affects the
elderly. Hips, knees, fingers, thumbs, and spine are commonly
affected.
◉ Rheumatoid Arthritis. Answer: Can affect all ages. Joints become
red, swollen, and very painful.Movement is restricted.
◉ Osteoporosis. Answer: - Causes bones to become porous and
brittle due to age, lack of hormones, lack of calcium in bones,
alcohol, or lack of exercise.
- more likely to happen in women
◉ Menopause. Answer: - The end of menstruation
- The woman has not had a menstrual period for 12 months
CARE 2026 FINAL REVIEW PACK COMPLETE
QUESTION SET AND CORE CONCEPT
SUMMARY
◉ Metabolism. Answer: The body's physical and chemical processes.
◉ Integumentary System. Answer: Includes skin, sweat glands, hair
follicles, tiny blood vessels, and tiny nerve endings. Protective
covering that protects organs, prevents loss of too much water, and
protects against bacteria or germs.
◉ Capillaries. Answer: Tiny blood vessels
◉ Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous Tissue. Answer: Three layers of
skin
◉ Dilate. Answer: Widen
◉ Constrict. Answer: Narrow
,◉ Normal Skin Aging. Answer: Skin is thinner, drier, more fragile,
less elastic, feels colder due to fat loss, hair thins and may turn gray,
wrinkles and brown spots appear, nails are harder and more brittle,
dry itchy skin is possible
◉ Muscoloskeletal System. Answer: Includes muscles, bones,
ligaments, tendons, and cartilage that give the body shape and
structure. They work together to move the body, protect organs,
maintain posture, and produce heat.
◉ 206. Answer: # of bones in the body
◉ Joint. Answer: Where two bones meet
◉ Tendons. Answer: Where muscles are joined to bones
◉ Atrophy. Answer: Muscle wasting away, decreasing in size, and
becoming weak
◉ Contracture. Answer: When muscles shortern, become inflexible,
and freeze in position.
, ◉ Normal Muscoloskeletal Changes. Answer: Muscles weaken and
lose tone, body movement slows, bones lose density, joints may
stiffen and become painful, height is gradually lost.
◉ Arthritis. Answer: Inflammation of the joints.
◉ Autoimmune Illness. Answer: Causes the body's immune system
to attack normal tissue in the body.
◉ Osteoarthritis. Answer: A common type of arthritis that affects the
elderly. Hips, knees, fingers, thumbs, and spine are commonly
affected.
◉ Rheumatoid Arthritis. Answer: Can affect all ages. Joints become
red, swollen, and very painful.Movement is restricted.
◉ Osteoporosis. Answer: - Causes bones to become porous and
brittle due to age, lack of hormones, lack of calcium in bones,
alcohol, or lack of exercise.
- more likely to happen in women
◉ Menopause. Answer: - The end of menstruation
- The woman has not had a menstrual period for 12 months
