ENG 224 EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

ENG 224 EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Apartheid - Answers (in South Africa) a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race. • from Afrikaans, means 'apartness, and derived from Dutch word "apart" meaning 'separate' and the -heid is equivalent to -hood Policy that governed relations between South Africa's white minority and nonwhite majority and sanctioned racial segregation and political and economic discrimination against nonwhites. The implementation of apartheid, made possible through the Population Registration Act of 1950, which classified all South Africans as either Bantu (all black Africans), Coloured (those of mixed race), or white, with other categories later added. Racial segregation, sanctioned by law, was widely practiced in South Africa before 1948, but the National Party, which gained office that year, extended the policy and gave it the name apartheid, laws forbade most social contacts between the races, authorized segregated public facilities, established separate educational standards, etc... ex: the Land Acts, were implemented to set aside more than 80 percent of South Africa's land for the white minority./ , or owning land in them. In Doris Lessing, "The Old Chief Mshlanga", Lessing references the Land acts, which were amongst the many laws that formed part of the apartheid system, resulting in severe racial tensions in South Africa. EXPROPRIATION OF LAND for WHITE POP Satire - Answers artistic form, chiefly literary and dramatic that manifests itself in many literary genres and is designed to make fun of or seriously criticize its subject., literary satire can be direct or indirect in critiquing human or individual vices, follies, abuses, or shortcomings by means of ridicule, derision, burlesque, irony, parody, caricature, or other methods According to many literary theories of the Renaissance and neoclassical periods, the ridicule through satire of a certain sort of behavior may function for the reader or audience as a corrective of such behaviour. → Serves a corrective purpose, social reform ⇒ The English satire comes from the Latin satura, but satirize, satiria, etc., are of Greek origin. Its origin, Roman rhetorician Quintilian seems to be claiming satire as a Roman phenomenon, although he was familiar with a number of Greek forms that one would call satiric. But the Greeks had no specific word for satire, and by satura (which meant originally something like "miscellany"). After Quintilian's day, satura was then broadened by appropriation from the Greek satyros and its derivatives. in England by the 16th century it was written satyre. In Lu Xun's "Diary of a Madman" adopts a satirical point of view of classical Chinese literature and uses irony to critique the traditional values of Chinese Society. Frame story - Answers Heart of Darkness literary technique • a story is told within a frame in which another story is embedded as a 'story within the story The frame story leads readers from a first story into another, smaller one (or several ones) within it. • Deriving its name from the German word "rahmenerzählung", • serves as a companion piece to a story for the purpose of setting the stage either for a more emphasized second narrative or for a set of shorter stories. • provide unity to stories or ideas that at first seem unrelated. • technique is different from that of a change in perspective or point of view, in which there is a character personality change • some frames are externally imposed and only loosely bind the diversified stories; other frames are an integral part of the tales. In Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, an unnamed narrator, aboard a ship on the Thames in England, sets the stage for Marlow's narrative. Rashomon effect - Answers An attributive term derived from the title of a 1950 film directed by Akira Kurosawa called Roshomon. The story revolves around several contradictory accounts surrounding the rape of a woman and the murder/suicide of her husband in a forest, Each of the characters relate the incidents as a contradiction of the other, but they describe them in such a convincing manner that the audience tends to believe them all. The Rashomon effect designates something suggestive of the film Rashomon where diffferent people who have witnessed the same event present contradictory interpretations even though they have witnessed the same incident. Film based on the short story by Ryunosuke Akutagawa called In A Bamboo Grove the contradictory (but plausible) interpretations of the same incident by different people Stream-of-consciousness - Answers • A narrative technique intended to render the continuous flow of a character's state of mind, their sense‐perceptions, morphing rational, irational thoughts, feelings, memories and impressions—visual, auditory, physical, associative, and subliminal—that impinge on the consciousness and subconsiocus. • Part of modernism in the late 19th century along with realism, symbolist techniques, and then associated to Surrealism • commonly ignores logical sequence, chronology, or syntax and incorporates fragments of thought in an attempt to capture the flow of characters' flowing, spontaneous mental processes.== ambiguous meanings, capturing thoughts and emotions as they spontaenously appear and disappear, illogical, confusing, • to acheive a deeper understanding of human experience, linking subconcious ideas with consious thoughts • Often such writing makes no distinction between various levels of reality--such as dreams, memories, imaginative thoughts or real sensory perception. • William James coined the phrase "stream of consciousness" in his Principles of Psychology (1890). • The technique has been used by several authors and poets: Dorothy Richardson, Virginia Woolf, • Although interior monologues share some similarities with stream of consciousness , stream of consciousness is a special style of interior monologue: while an interior monologue always presents a character's thoughts 'directly', without the apparent intervention of a summarizing and selecting narrator, it does not necessarily mingle them with impressions and perceptions, nor does it necessarily violate the norms of grammar, syntax, and logic; but the stream‐of‐consciousness technique also does one or both of these things. • Édouard Dujardin's novel Les Lauriers sont coupés (1887) has long been acknowledged as an important influence on the stream of cons Congo Free State - Answers [One-sentence basic identification] The Congo Free State was a former large state in Central Africa from 1885 to 1908 that was ruled personally by Leopold II and operated entirely separate from Belgium, of which he was also King. [Expansion, using history culture, and literature In the late 19th and early 20th centuries King Leopold II of the Belgians established a colony in Africa, which, a the Berlin West Africa Conference of 1884-85, its name became the Congo Free State, and European powers recognized Leopold as its sovereign. During Leopold's reign the indigenous population of the Congo Free State was subject to land confiscation, forced labor, and the brutality of Leopold's military. Forced labour was used to gather wild rubber, palm oil, and ivory The regime in the Congo Free State, under Leopold's unrestrained personal control, became notorious for its unremitting exploitation and widespread atrocities committed against the Congolese. Due to Failing health and rising debts forced Leopold to turn the Congo Free State over to the Belgian government in 1908. [One-sentence example from the course - if we had studied anything set in St. Petersburg] "HEART OF DARKNESS" Marlow, narrator of the main narrative, travels to the Gongo River, on an expedition for... p. 1015 Realism - Answers A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be nineteenth century litearary, artsitic, aesthetic wave stimulated by several intellectual developments in the first half of the 19th century. Among these was the rejection of the artificiality of both the Classicism and Romanticism An artistic or literary movement characterized by the representation of people, things and life as they actually are.Often contrasted with idealism, (in art or literature) the representation of things in ideal or idealized form Realism's emphasis on detachment, objectivity, and accurate observation, its lucid but restrained criticism of social environment and mores, and the humane understanding that underlay its moral judgments became an integral part of the fabric of the modern novel during the height of that form's development. Realism major trend in French novels and paintings between 1850 and 1880. One of the first appearances of the term realism was in the Mercure français du XIXe siècle in 1820's, in which the word is used to describe a doctrine based not upon imitating past artistic achievements but upon the truthful and accurate depiction of the models that nature and contemporary life offer the artist. The French proponents of realism were agreed in academies and on the necessity for contemporaneity in an effective work of art. Realists, attempted to portray the lives, appearances, problems, customs, and mores of the middle and lower classes, of the unexceptional, the ordinary, the humble, and the unadorned. Indeed, they conscientiously set themselves to reproducing all the hitherto-ignored aspects of contemporary life and society—its mental attitudes, physical settings, and material conditions. Rabindranath Tagore, "Punishment" presenting harsh truths Washington Riots 1968 - Answers The Washington, D.C. riots of 1968 were 4 days of riots in Washington, D.C. that followed the assassination of civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968. The King assassination riots affected at least 110 U.S. cities; Washington, along with Chicago and Baltimore, were among the most affected, The racial segregation that took place in the 50s and 60s in the US, especially in DC, created a frustration that grew day by day in predominantly black communities. This frustration built up as blacks were subject to racial profiling by the white community in general. Following the white flight of the 1950s, in which whites moved further northwest into the suburbs and away from the crowded housing of the inner city, ghettos became more common in the eastern areas of DC, hosting a predominantly black community in which poverty, crime, and homelessness were more existent than jobs. These living conditions created a violent tensions, that burst into RIOTS when Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated. The riots broke out in DC that same day, and continued until a few days later, caused $24 million in insured property damage, fires that left 2,000 homeless and 5,000 without jobs. The damage was staggering buisness were damaged, dwellings were destroyed. Police arrested 7,600 adults and juveniles on riot-related charges. Eventually, troops would arrive to control populaiton. — the most to occupy an American city since the Civil War. Discrimination, segragation, humuliaiton, poverty, looting, burning left washingotn in ruins fo more tan 30 years, store Windows shattered, bystanders became looters, burning, grabbing from stores what they could, food, tv, clothing etc..., setting cars on fire, though pólice had been instructed not to shoot, the pólice used tear gas to control crowd Example: In V.S Naipaul's Diary - Answers form of autobiographical writing, in wchi the narrator most often uses first person pronoun and records his or herprivate life and day-to-day thoughts and concerns. A regularly kept record of the diarist's activities and reflections. Written primarily for the writer's use alone, the diary has a frankness that is unlike writing done for publication. Its ancient lineage is indicated by the existence of the term in Latin, diarium,itself derived from dies ("day") The diary form began to flower in the late Renaissance, when the importance of the individual began to be stressed. In addition to their revelation of the diarist's personality, diaries have been of immense importance for the recording of social and political history. Anne Frank's The Diary of a Young Girl(1947), and the five-volume Diary of Virginia Woolf (1977-84) are among the most notable examples. Contrast with memoir and autobiography. An autobiography is a person's life story, written by that person. The story is usually told in the first person because the writer is the main character of the story. A diary tells what happens within a specific time frame and is written about specific things that have happened. It doesn't address the person to whom these things happened. Diaries are usually written as a record of events, transactions or observations kept daily or at frequent intervals. Memoirs are not personal narratives. Memoirs are not single moments. Memoirs are about the plot lines or patterns that bind those moments together., memoires are written as scenes Unlike memoir that focuses on emotional connection, autobiographies focus on facts. • Example of a work studied in class: "Diary of a Madman" by Lu Xun First-person-narrative - Answers A NARATIVE TECHNIQUE where narrative is told from the perspective of a character involved in the story, using first-person pronouns such as I and we. It is used ot manipulate a atory's point of view. In a first-person narrative, the story is presented under the "I" point of view, which is most often that of the character in the story. This It may be narrated by a first person protagonist, first person re-teller, first person witness, or first person peripheral. IMPORTANT TO DIFFERENTIATE AUTHOR VS NARATOR, AUTHOR MAY ASSUME a PERSONA, PERSPECTIVE, 'I' recollects his or her own part in the events related, either as a witness of the action or as an important participant in it. term does not mean that the narrator speaks only in the first person, of course: in discussions of other characters, the third person will be used. THIS DIFFERS FROM THE THIRD PERSON POINT OF VIEW, MORE GENERAL ⇒ in the third person grammatically, author presents a panoramic view of both the actions and the inner feelings of the characters; the author's own comments on developments may also appear within the narrative. ⇒Another type of third-person point of view is presented from the limited standpoint of one of the major or minor characters in the story who is not omniscient and who usually presents a markedly partial view of narrative events. Gulliver lends an aura of credibility to the fantastic adventures in Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels(1726) • In Akutugawa Ryunosuke's short story "In a bamboo Grove", each witnesss of the event relates their interpretation of what happened using the first person-narrative. Sisyphus - Answers • Sisyphus, in Greek mythology, was the king of Ephyra, (later named Corinth) punished in Hades by being forced to roll an immense boulder up a hill only for it to roll down when it nears the top. Latinized form of Greek Σίσυφος (Sisyphos), of which the meaning is uncertain. It may possibly be derived from Greek σίσυς (sisys), which can mean "a goat's skin" or "cheap garment" or "any coarse". Another possibility might be Greek σοφὸς (sophos) meaning "wise". Otherwise, if neither of these possibilities apply, the name might ultimately be of pre-Greek origin. Experts suggest it might be derived from the Greek syphos "the crafty" (with Aeolic -u- for -o- ), however others state that this possibility comes from what thye call folk-etymology. • Sisyphus was doomed in the underworld to repeating this action for eternity for his excessive pride, his self-aggrandizing craftiness, deceitfulness and his beleif that he could outsmart the gods. • He was renowned for being the cleverest human in the world, and was portrayed as a kinf of psychotic tyrant who tricked travelers that would enter his city and kill them. He not only violated sacred concept of hospitality but also would steal secrets from the Gods and was always involved in a ploy that he was controlling. • This fate is related in Homer's Odyssey, Book XI. In Homer's Iliad, Book VI, Sisyphus, living at Ephyre, was the son of Aeolus and the father of Glaucus. In post-Homeric times he was called the father of Odysseus . • Sisyphus was, in fact, like Prometheus, a widely popular figure of folklore—the trickster, or master thief. Clearly, he is everlastingly punished in Hades as the penalty for cheating Death; fruitless labor • The expressions "labor of Sisyphus" or a "Sisyphean task are widely used in different artistic and literary mediums, not only as a reference to cla Modernism - Answers • read p. 1009 ANTHOLOGY to complete answer • a wave of artistic experimentation from the late 19th to the mid-20th century caused by global events (globalization, WWs, etc...), • Modernism as a literary movement is typically associated with the period after World War I. • The enormity of the war had undermined humankind's faith in the foundations of Western society and culture, and postwar Modernist literature reflected a sense of disillusionment and fragmentation. • In an era characterized by industrialization, rapid social change, and advances in science and the social sciences (e.g., Freudian theory), Modernists felt a growing alienation incompatible with Victorian morality, optimism, and convention. • characterized by a very self-conscious break with traditional ways of writing • in literatura, modernism was sparked by a radical break with the past and the concurrent search for new forms of expression. • Infleunced by New ideas in psychology, philosophy, political theory, sociology • The Modernist impulse is fueled by the search for an authentic response to a much-changed world. Although prewar works by Joseph Conrad, and other writers are considered Modernist, ... • An important characteristic of modernist literature, such as that of T.S Eiot is the use of fragmentary images and obscure allusions, as a means of requiring the reader to take an active role in interpreting the text. • Tehcniques used: stream of consciousness, ignores sentence structure, rejection of chronoloy and narrative continuity. • EXAMPLE OF WORK STUDIED: "Death in Venice" by Thomas Mann Novella - Answers A novella is a literary genre considerably longer than a short story but shorter than a novel. A novella must be able to stand on its own as a book, but the exact word count is not defined. It can can range from 15,000 to 60,000 words , While novellas normally do not have specific requirements in terms of length, In contrast to Short stories, which are designed to be read in one sitting, are usually only a few thousand words long and written for publication in a magazine or as part of a collection Novella, short and well-structured narrative, that influenced the development of the short story and the novel throughout Europe. Novellas as a literary form emerged in the early fourteenth century in Italian Renaissance literature, but their genre did not become firmly established until the late 18th and early 19th century. later gaining prestige through the late nineteenth century writings of Russian and German authors borrowed from Italian, "piece of news, announcement, story, narrative," deriving its name from the Latin word "novellus" meaning "young, tender (of plants or animals)," Characteristics of novella: It can involve multiple sub-plots, twists, and characters. Its length constraints mean you'll find fewer conflicts in a novella than you will in a novel, but there will also be more nuance and complication than you'll find in a short story. Novellas are more often focused on one character's personal and emotional development rather than with large-scale issues. As opposed to the novel's unlimited complexity, especially when introducing conflicts, themes, and events, the novella's focus on a singular moral significance or climactic event tends to make it less structurally complex and shorter in breadth. Unlike novels, novellas are usually not divided into chapters, and like short stories, they are often meant t Haiku - Answers an unrhymed poetic form of Japanese origin, consisting of 17 syllables arranged in three lines of 5, 7, and 5 syllables respectively, using three unrhymed lines of five, seven, and five syllables. The haiku first emerged in Japanese literature during the 17th century, as a reaction to elaborate poetic traditions But it did not become known by the name haiku until the 19th century. The term haiku is derived from the first element of the word haikai (a humorous form of renga, or linked-verse poem) and the second element of the word hokku (the initial stanza of a renga). The hokku, which set the tone of a renga, had to mention in its three lines such subjects as the season, time of day, and the dominant features of the landscape, making it almost an independent poem. The hokku (often interchangeably called haikai) became known as the haiku late in the 19th century, when it was entirely divested of its original function of opening a sequence of verse. Today the term haiku is used to describe all poems that use the three-line 17-syllable structure, even the earlier hokku. Originally, the haiku form was restricted in subject matter to an objective description of nature suggestive of one of the seasons, evoking a definite, though unstated, emotional response. The form gained distinction early in the Tokugawa period , during the 17th century and mid 18th century, () when the great master Bashō elevated the hokku to a highly refined and conscious art. He began writing what was considered this "new style" of poetry in the 1670s, while he