HCR 240 Exam 3 Questions With Correct
Answers
Triad |of |Virchow |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Venous |stasis
Venous |endothelial |damage
Hypercoagulable |states
What |are |the |3 |factors |that |are |critically |important |in |the |development |of |venous |thrombosis |
called? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Triad |of |Virchow
orthostatic |hypotension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Low |blood |pressure |that |occurs |upon |
standing |up
Isolated |systolic |hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Elevated |systolic |blood |pressure |
accompanied |by |normal |diastolic |blood |pressure
primary |hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-High |blood |pressure, |the |cause |of |which |is |
unknown |but |thought |to |maybe |be |genetic |or |environmental; |also |known |as |essential |
hypertension
Secondary |hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Is |caused |by |systemic |disease |that |raises |
peripheral |vascular |resistance |and/or |cardiac |output
Systolic |hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Most |significant |factor |in |causing |target |organ |
damage
,Non-modifiable |risk |factors |of |hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Age, |gender, |family |
history
Modifiable |risk |factors |of |hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--↑Sodium |(Na+) |intake
-Glucose |intolerance |(diabetes |-mellitus)/insulin |resistance
-Heavy |alcohol |use
-Obesity
-Cigarettes
-↓Potassium |(K+), |magnesium |(Mg++), |calcium |(Ca++)
Hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Caused |by |increases |in |cardiac |output |or |total |
peripheral |resistance, |or |both
Any |condition |that |increases |heart |rate |or |stroke |volume? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Cardiac |
output
Effects |of |primary |hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Overactivity |of |the |sympathetic |
nervous |system |and |renin-angiotensin-aldosterone |system |(RAAS), |and |alterations |in |
natriuretic |peptides
-Inflammation, |endothelial |dysfunction, |obesity-related |hormones, |and |insulin |resistance
Complicated |hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Hypertrophy |and |hyperplasia |with |
associated |fibrosis |of |the |tunica |intima |and |media |in |a |process |called |vascular |remodeling
Malignant |hypertension |(hypertensive |crisis) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Rapidly |progressive |
hypertension
-Diastolic |pressure |is |usually |>140 |mmHg
,-Can |lead |to |encephalopathy
Clinical |manifestations |of |hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Early |stages |of |hypertension |
have |no |clinical |manifestations |other |than |elevated |blood |pressure.
-Called |the |silent |disease
Treatment |of |hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Reducing |or |eliminating |risk |factors
-Dietary |approaches |to |stop |hypertension |(DASH)
-Cessation |of |smoking
-Exercise |program |that |promotes |endurance |and |relaxation
Orthosatic |hypotension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Decrease |in |the |systolic |and |diastolic |blood |
pressures |on |standing |by |20 |mmHg |or |more |and |by |10 |mmHg |or |more, |respectively
Clinical |manifestations |of |orthostatic |hypotension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Fainting |upon |
standing
Treatment
Treatment |of |orthostatic |hypotension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Liberalize |salt |intake, |raise |the |
head |of |the |bed, |wear |thigh-high |stockings, |expand |volume |with |mineralocorticoids, |and |
administer |vasoconstrictors
Primary |orthostatic |hypotension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--called |neurogenic |(results |from |
neurologic |disorders |affecting |autonomic |function)
-often |chronic
-seen |in |older |adults |(Parkinson |disease)
Secondary |orthostatic |hypotension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-acute |and |associated |with:
, -altered |body |chemistry
-drug |action |(antihypertensive |or |antidepressants)
-prolonged |immobility |caused |by |illness
-starvation
-physical |exhaustion
-any |condition |producing |volume |depletion |(massive |diuresis, |potassium/sodium |depletion)
-any |condition |resulting |in |venous |pooling |(pregnancy, |extensive |varicosities |of |lower |
extremities)
-adrenal |insufficiency, |diabetes |mellitus, |cardiovascular |diseases, |paraneoplastic |syndromes
Embolism |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Bolus |of |matter |circulates |in |the |bloodstream |and |then |
lodges, |obstructing |blood |flow.
Examples |of |boluses |of |matter |in |embolism |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-dislodged |thrombus |
(often |a |DVT); |air |bubble; |amniotic |fluid; |aggregate |of |fat, |bacteria, |cancer |cells; |or |foreign |
sustain
Embolisms |can |lead |to |______ |or________or |________ |distal |to |the |obstruction |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-Ischemia
Infarction
Necrosis
thromboembolism |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Vascular |obstruction |from |dislodged |thrombus
Air |emoblism |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-when |enough |air |is |sucked |into |a |blood |vessel, |it |can |
actually |block |the |flow |of |blood |in |the |lungs, |sending |the |patient |into |cardiac |arrest.
Answers
Triad |of |Virchow |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Venous |stasis
Venous |endothelial |damage
Hypercoagulable |states
What |are |the |3 |factors |that |are |critically |important |in |the |development |of |venous |thrombosis |
called? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Triad |of |Virchow
orthostatic |hypotension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Low |blood |pressure |that |occurs |upon |
standing |up
Isolated |systolic |hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Elevated |systolic |blood |pressure |
accompanied |by |normal |diastolic |blood |pressure
primary |hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-High |blood |pressure, |the |cause |of |which |is |
unknown |but |thought |to |maybe |be |genetic |or |environmental; |also |known |as |essential |
hypertension
Secondary |hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Is |caused |by |systemic |disease |that |raises |
peripheral |vascular |resistance |and/or |cardiac |output
Systolic |hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Most |significant |factor |in |causing |target |organ |
damage
,Non-modifiable |risk |factors |of |hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Age, |gender, |family |
history
Modifiable |risk |factors |of |hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--↑Sodium |(Na+) |intake
-Glucose |intolerance |(diabetes |-mellitus)/insulin |resistance
-Heavy |alcohol |use
-Obesity
-Cigarettes
-↓Potassium |(K+), |magnesium |(Mg++), |calcium |(Ca++)
Hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Caused |by |increases |in |cardiac |output |or |total |
peripheral |resistance, |or |both
Any |condition |that |increases |heart |rate |or |stroke |volume? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Cardiac |
output
Effects |of |primary |hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Overactivity |of |the |sympathetic |
nervous |system |and |renin-angiotensin-aldosterone |system |(RAAS), |and |alterations |in |
natriuretic |peptides
-Inflammation, |endothelial |dysfunction, |obesity-related |hormones, |and |insulin |resistance
Complicated |hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Hypertrophy |and |hyperplasia |with |
associated |fibrosis |of |the |tunica |intima |and |media |in |a |process |called |vascular |remodeling
Malignant |hypertension |(hypertensive |crisis) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Rapidly |progressive |
hypertension
-Diastolic |pressure |is |usually |>140 |mmHg
,-Can |lead |to |encephalopathy
Clinical |manifestations |of |hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Early |stages |of |hypertension |
have |no |clinical |manifestations |other |than |elevated |blood |pressure.
-Called |the |silent |disease
Treatment |of |hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Reducing |or |eliminating |risk |factors
-Dietary |approaches |to |stop |hypertension |(DASH)
-Cessation |of |smoking
-Exercise |program |that |promotes |endurance |and |relaxation
Orthosatic |hypotension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Decrease |in |the |systolic |and |diastolic |blood |
pressures |on |standing |by |20 |mmHg |or |more |and |by |10 |mmHg |or |more, |respectively
Clinical |manifestations |of |orthostatic |hypotension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Fainting |upon |
standing
Treatment
Treatment |of |orthostatic |hypotension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Liberalize |salt |intake, |raise |the |
head |of |the |bed, |wear |thigh-high |stockings, |expand |volume |with |mineralocorticoids, |and |
administer |vasoconstrictors
Primary |orthostatic |hypotension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--called |neurogenic |(results |from |
neurologic |disorders |affecting |autonomic |function)
-often |chronic
-seen |in |older |adults |(Parkinson |disease)
Secondary |orthostatic |hypotension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-acute |and |associated |with:
, -altered |body |chemistry
-drug |action |(antihypertensive |or |antidepressants)
-prolonged |immobility |caused |by |illness
-starvation
-physical |exhaustion
-any |condition |producing |volume |depletion |(massive |diuresis, |potassium/sodium |depletion)
-any |condition |resulting |in |venous |pooling |(pregnancy, |extensive |varicosities |of |lower |
extremities)
-adrenal |insufficiency, |diabetes |mellitus, |cardiovascular |diseases, |paraneoplastic |syndromes
Embolism |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Bolus |of |matter |circulates |in |the |bloodstream |and |then |
lodges, |obstructing |blood |flow.
Examples |of |boluses |of |matter |in |embolism |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-dislodged |thrombus |
(often |a |DVT); |air |bubble; |amniotic |fluid; |aggregate |of |fat, |bacteria, |cancer |cells; |or |foreign |
sustain
Embolisms |can |lead |to |______ |or________or |________ |distal |to |the |obstruction |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-Ischemia
Infarction
Necrosis
thromboembolism |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Vascular |obstruction |from |dislodged |thrombus
Air |emoblism |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-when |enough |air |is |sucked |into |a |blood |vessel, |it |can |
actually |block |the |flow |of |blood |in |the |lungs, |sending |the |patient |into |cardiac |arrest.
