WGU D236-Patho OA Study Guide|QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Terms in this set (360)
uses extreme cold to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue,
cryoablation such as tumors or damaged nerves
TREATMENT FOR PROSTATE CANCER
lung disease caused by a long term inhalation of silicosis
silica dust which leads to lung inflammation,
scarring, and breathing difficulties.
GUYWITH SANDBLASTER
damages motor neurons which control Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
voluntary muscle movements
INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
WEAKNESS, LOWER EXTREMITYTWITCHING
AND.
PRESCRIBED ANTI GLUTAMATE
most common form of ALS that occurs randomly SPORADIC ALS
without a known genetic
cause or family history
A 60-year-old man presents with progressive Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
muscle weakness. He reports difficulty walking,
muscle twitching, and recent trouble swallowing.
On exam, he has both upper motor neuron
signs (e.g., hyperreflexia, spasticity) and lower
motor neuron signs (e.g., muscle atrophy,
fasciculations). Sensation remains intact.
,chronic degenerative joint disease that occurs osteoarthritis
when cartilage that cushions the end of bones
gradually wears down over time.
(associated with Osteoarthritis instead of RA) Bouchard
nodes and
Enlargement and bulging of a joint contour, Heberden nodes
commonly described as swelling, are attributed
to the thickening of the subchondral bone from
the proliferation of osteophytes around the
margins of the joint and hypertrophy in the joint
capsule.
A 68-year-old woman complains of chronic knee osteoarthritis
pain that worsens with activity and improves
with rest. On examination, there is bony
enlargement of the distal interphalangeal joints
(Heberden's nodes) and crepitus in the knees.
There is no warmth or significant swelling.
chronic autoimmune disease where the immune rheumatoid arthritis
system mistakenly attacks the synovium
causing inflammation, pain, and joint damage.
A 45-year-old woman presents with joint pain and rheumatoid arthritis
stiffness in her hands and wrists. She reports the
stiffness is worst in the morning and lasts for over
an hour. On exam, there is swelling, tenderness,
and limited range of motion in the
metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and proximal
interphalangeal (PIP) joints bilaterally. Lab
results show positive rheumatoid factor (RF)
and anti-CCP antibodies.
an infection or inflammation of the inner lining of the ENDOCARDITIS
heart affecting the heart valves.
it is caused by bacteria, fungi, or other germs
(tooth decay)
**Night sweats
***loud heart murmur
VEGETATION SHOWN ON AN ECHO
A 35-year-old man with a history of intravenous ENDOCARDITIS
drug use presents with fever, chills, and fatigue. On
exam, he has a new systolic murmur and small,
painless lesions on the palms and soles (Janeway
lesions). Blood cultures are positive for
Staphylococcus aureus.
NECK/JAW PAIN MI (myocardial infarction)
CHEST PAIN (angina pectoris)
VOMITING
DIAGNOSIS
**LACK OF O2=death to muscle tissue (necrosis)
**OCCLUSION OF CORONARYATERY
,A 58-year-old man presents to the emergency MI (myocardial infarction)
department with crushing chest pain radiating to
his left arm, shortness of breath, and nausea. He is
diaphoretic. ECG shows ST-segment elevations in
leads II, III, and aVF. Troponin levels are elevated.
occurs when there is a mismatch between oxygen type 2 MI (myocardial infarction)
supply and demand in the heart leading to
ischemia (lack of oxygen) and heart muscle
damage but without a direct blockage of a
coronary artery
A 70-year-old woman is admitted with sepsis type 2 MI (myocardial infarction)
from a urinary tract infection. She develops chest
discomfort and shortness of breath. Troponin
levels are elevated, but ECG shows no ST-
segment elevations. Coronary angiography
reveals no significant obstructive coronary artery
disease
What is a risk factor for erectile dysfunction? HEART DISEASE
chronic liver disease where healthy liver tissue is cirrhosis
replaced by scar tissue which impairs the livers
ability to function properly
Ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cirrhosis
cavity) jaundice
elevated AST and ALT
Cirrhosis = scarred liver, can’t filter → ascites (fluid accumulates) + jaundice.
A 58-year-old man with a history of chronic cirrhosis
alcohol use presents with fatigue, abdominal
swelling, and confusion. Physical exam reveals
jaundice, ascites, spider angiomas, and asterixis.
Lab tests show elevated liver enzymes, low
albumin, and an increased INR.
Stroke = FAST Face droop
Arm weak
Speech
slurred Time
to act
the final stage of chronic kidney disease where end stage renal disease
the kidneys have severely deteriorated and can
no longer function
DECREASED URINE OUTPUT (oliguria) end stage renal disease
ANEMIA
FATIGUE (asthenia)
ITCHY SKIN (pruritus)
DIAGNOSIS
, A 62-year-old man with a history of diabetes and end stage renal disease
hypertension presents with fatigue, pruritus, swelling
in his legs, and decreased urine output over
several months.
Lab results reveal elevated blood urea nitrogen
(BUN), creatinine, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis,
and anemia.
genetic disorder that affects females and Turners disease
occurs when one of the X chromosomes is
partially or completely missing.
WHAT IS A CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY? when a child receives too many or too few chromosomes at conception
Down syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome
NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CAUSING MUSCLE botulism
WEAKNESS/PARALYSIS 4-6 HOURS AFTER ONSET
fatal illness caused by toxins produced by the botulism
bacterium clostridium botulinum. symptoms occur
6 hours-10 days after exposure.
A 30-year-old female presents with acute onset of botulism
diplopia, ptosis, dysphagia, and symmetric,
flaccid, descending paralysis. She reports recent
ingestion of improperly canned vegetables.
Neurological examination reveals impaired
pupillary light reflexes with preserved sensory
function.
inflammation of the spinal cord that leads to Myelitis
weakness, pain, paralysis, or sensory changes.
• can be caused by infection, autoimmune
diseases, or other conditions.
NOT COMMUNICABLE
-fatal disease caused by mosquitos malaria
-symptoms appear 7-30 days after infection with
muscle aches and fatigue.
-Caused by Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P.
malariae, and P. ovale
*RBC DESTRUCTION
*JAUNDICE
NOT COMMUNICABLE
ANSWERS
Terms in this set (360)
uses extreme cold to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue,
cryoablation such as tumors or damaged nerves
TREATMENT FOR PROSTATE CANCER
lung disease caused by a long term inhalation of silicosis
silica dust which leads to lung inflammation,
scarring, and breathing difficulties.
GUYWITH SANDBLASTER
damages motor neurons which control Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
voluntary muscle movements
INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
WEAKNESS, LOWER EXTREMITYTWITCHING
AND.
PRESCRIBED ANTI GLUTAMATE
most common form of ALS that occurs randomly SPORADIC ALS
without a known genetic
cause or family history
A 60-year-old man presents with progressive Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
muscle weakness. He reports difficulty walking,
muscle twitching, and recent trouble swallowing.
On exam, he has both upper motor neuron
signs (e.g., hyperreflexia, spasticity) and lower
motor neuron signs (e.g., muscle atrophy,
fasciculations). Sensation remains intact.
,chronic degenerative joint disease that occurs osteoarthritis
when cartilage that cushions the end of bones
gradually wears down over time.
(associated with Osteoarthritis instead of RA) Bouchard
nodes and
Enlargement and bulging of a joint contour, Heberden nodes
commonly described as swelling, are attributed
to the thickening of the subchondral bone from
the proliferation of osteophytes around the
margins of the joint and hypertrophy in the joint
capsule.
A 68-year-old woman complains of chronic knee osteoarthritis
pain that worsens with activity and improves
with rest. On examination, there is bony
enlargement of the distal interphalangeal joints
(Heberden's nodes) and crepitus in the knees.
There is no warmth or significant swelling.
chronic autoimmune disease where the immune rheumatoid arthritis
system mistakenly attacks the synovium
causing inflammation, pain, and joint damage.
A 45-year-old woman presents with joint pain and rheumatoid arthritis
stiffness in her hands and wrists. She reports the
stiffness is worst in the morning and lasts for over
an hour. On exam, there is swelling, tenderness,
and limited range of motion in the
metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and proximal
interphalangeal (PIP) joints bilaterally. Lab
results show positive rheumatoid factor (RF)
and anti-CCP antibodies.
an infection or inflammation of the inner lining of the ENDOCARDITIS
heart affecting the heart valves.
it is caused by bacteria, fungi, or other germs
(tooth decay)
**Night sweats
***loud heart murmur
VEGETATION SHOWN ON AN ECHO
A 35-year-old man with a history of intravenous ENDOCARDITIS
drug use presents with fever, chills, and fatigue. On
exam, he has a new systolic murmur and small,
painless lesions on the palms and soles (Janeway
lesions). Blood cultures are positive for
Staphylococcus aureus.
NECK/JAW PAIN MI (myocardial infarction)
CHEST PAIN (angina pectoris)
VOMITING
DIAGNOSIS
**LACK OF O2=death to muscle tissue (necrosis)
**OCCLUSION OF CORONARYATERY
,A 58-year-old man presents to the emergency MI (myocardial infarction)
department with crushing chest pain radiating to
his left arm, shortness of breath, and nausea. He is
diaphoretic. ECG shows ST-segment elevations in
leads II, III, and aVF. Troponin levels are elevated.
occurs when there is a mismatch between oxygen type 2 MI (myocardial infarction)
supply and demand in the heart leading to
ischemia (lack of oxygen) and heart muscle
damage but without a direct blockage of a
coronary artery
A 70-year-old woman is admitted with sepsis type 2 MI (myocardial infarction)
from a urinary tract infection. She develops chest
discomfort and shortness of breath. Troponin
levels are elevated, but ECG shows no ST-
segment elevations. Coronary angiography
reveals no significant obstructive coronary artery
disease
What is a risk factor for erectile dysfunction? HEART DISEASE
chronic liver disease where healthy liver tissue is cirrhosis
replaced by scar tissue which impairs the livers
ability to function properly
Ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cirrhosis
cavity) jaundice
elevated AST and ALT
Cirrhosis = scarred liver, can’t filter → ascites (fluid accumulates) + jaundice.
A 58-year-old man with a history of chronic cirrhosis
alcohol use presents with fatigue, abdominal
swelling, and confusion. Physical exam reveals
jaundice, ascites, spider angiomas, and asterixis.
Lab tests show elevated liver enzymes, low
albumin, and an increased INR.
Stroke = FAST Face droop
Arm weak
Speech
slurred Time
to act
the final stage of chronic kidney disease where end stage renal disease
the kidneys have severely deteriorated and can
no longer function
DECREASED URINE OUTPUT (oliguria) end stage renal disease
ANEMIA
FATIGUE (asthenia)
ITCHY SKIN (pruritus)
DIAGNOSIS
, A 62-year-old man with a history of diabetes and end stage renal disease
hypertension presents with fatigue, pruritus, swelling
in his legs, and decreased urine output over
several months.
Lab results reveal elevated blood urea nitrogen
(BUN), creatinine, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis,
and anemia.
genetic disorder that affects females and Turners disease
occurs when one of the X chromosomes is
partially or completely missing.
WHAT IS A CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY? when a child receives too many or too few chromosomes at conception
Down syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome
NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CAUSING MUSCLE botulism
WEAKNESS/PARALYSIS 4-6 HOURS AFTER ONSET
fatal illness caused by toxins produced by the botulism
bacterium clostridium botulinum. symptoms occur
6 hours-10 days after exposure.
A 30-year-old female presents with acute onset of botulism
diplopia, ptosis, dysphagia, and symmetric,
flaccid, descending paralysis. She reports recent
ingestion of improperly canned vegetables.
Neurological examination reveals impaired
pupillary light reflexes with preserved sensory
function.
inflammation of the spinal cord that leads to Myelitis
weakness, pain, paralysis, or sensory changes.
• can be caused by infection, autoimmune
diseases, or other conditions.
NOT COMMUNICABLE
-fatal disease caused by mosquitos malaria
-symptoms appear 7-30 days after infection with
muscle aches and fatigue.
-Caused by Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P.
malariae, and P. ovale
*RBC DESTRUCTION
*JAUNDICE
NOT COMMUNICABLE
