NSG 5003 FINAL PAPER 2026 FULL Q&A
STUDY GUIDE GRADED A+
◉Why is it possible for potassium to diffuse easily into and out of
cells? Answer: The resting plasma membrane is more permeable to
potassium
◉The loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia
causes cells to Answer: swell because of the influx of sodium
chloride
◉Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of
which diseases Answer: Cardiovascular diseases such as
hypertension and ischemic heart disease
◉Free Radicals cause cell damage by: Answer: Giving up an electron,
which causes injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane
◉What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the
mitochondria? Answer: Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production.
◉What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during
chemical injury? Answer: Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and
nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis.
,◉Which statement is a description of the characteristics of
apoptosis? Answer: Programmed cell death of scattered, single cells
◉During cell injury caused by hypoxia, an increase in the osmotic
pressure occurs within the cell because Answer: Sodium chloride
enters the cell
◉What physiologic change occurs during heat exhaustion? Answer:
Hemoconcentration occurs because of the loss of salt and water.
◉In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling
because Answer: ATP is insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps
sodium out of the cell.
◉What is the cause of free calcium in the cytosol that damages cell
membranes by uncontrolled enzyme activation? Answer: Depletion
of ATP normally pumps calcium from the cell.
◉What is the single most common cause of cellular injury? Answer:
Hypoxic injury
◉During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into
the cell because Answer: The pump that transports sodium out of
the cell cannot function because of a decrease in ATP levels.
, ◉Current research has determined that chemical-induced cellular
injury: Answer: Is often the result of the damage caused by reactive
free radicals.
◉A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary
for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between Answer:
Intracellular and extracellular K+
◉During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum
hydrogen ions by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for
which electrolyte? Answer: Potassium
◉Causes of hyperkalemia include: Answer: Renal failure and
Addison disease
◉In hyperkalemia, what change occurs to the cells' resting
membrane potential? Answer: Hypopolarization
◉The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three
substances? Answer: Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin
D
◉It is true that Kussmaul respirations indicate: Answer: A
compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosis.
STUDY GUIDE GRADED A+
◉Why is it possible for potassium to diffuse easily into and out of
cells? Answer: The resting plasma membrane is more permeable to
potassium
◉The loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia
causes cells to Answer: swell because of the influx of sodium
chloride
◉Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of
which diseases Answer: Cardiovascular diseases such as
hypertension and ischemic heart disease
◉Free Radicals cause cell damage by: Answer: Giving up an electron,
which causes injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane
◉What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the
mitochondria? Answer: Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production.
◉What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during
chemical injury? Answer: Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and
nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis.
,◉Which statement is a description of the characteristics of
apoptosis? Answer: Programmed cell death of scattered, single cells
◉During cell injury caused by hypoxia, an increase in the osmotic
pressure occurs within the cell because Answer: Sodium chloride
enters the cell
◉What physiologic change occurs during heat exhaustion? Answer:
Hemoconcentration occurs because of the loss of salt and water.
◉In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling
because Answer: ATP is insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps
sodium out of the cell.
◉What is the cause of free calcium in the cytosol that damages cell
membranes by uncontrolled enzyme activation? Answer: Depletion
of ATP normally pumps calcium from the cell.
◉What is the single most common cause of cellular injury? Answer:
Hypoxic injury
◉During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into
the cell because Answer: The pump that transports sodium out of
the cell cannot function because of a decrease in ATP levels.
, ◉Current research has determined that chemical-induced cellular
injury: Answer: Is often the result of the damage caused by reactive
free radicals.
◉A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary
for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between Answer:
Intracellular and extracellular K+
◉During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum
hydrogen ions by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for
which electrolyte? Answer: Potassium
◉Causes of hyperkalemia include: Answer: Renal failure and
Addison disease
◉In hyperkalemia, what change occurs to the cells' resting
membrane potential? Answer: Hypopolarization
◉The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three
substances? Answer: Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin
D
◉It is true that Kussmaul respirations indicate: Answer: A
compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosis.
