KNES 213 MIDTERM ACTUAL EXAM SCRIPT
2026 QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◉What is the difference between thinking and critical thinking?
What is the danger of not having total anonymity for participants?
Answer: Thinking: attitudes, knowledge, skills
Critical thinking: STRUCTURED and SYSTEMATIC attempt to
understand and evaluate arguments and questions
Sometimes when not anonymous, participants will not tell the truth
if there is a chance it will harm them (power plays, employer-
employee)
◉What is research and what are 3 reasons for the importance of
research? Answer: Research: SYSTEMATIC inquiry, INVESTIGATES
hypotheses, suggests new INTERPRETATIONS of data/texts,
attempts to VERIFY existing knowledge and poses NEW QUESTIONS
for further research to inquire.
1. knowledge is made available through research and publications
2. scientific basis allows for process
3. must understand research process to comprehend new research
,◉What are the 3 goals of scientific research? If a phenomenon really
exists, it must be what 3 things? Answer: Goals of scientific
research:
1. describe whats happening
2. explain why it happened
3. predict future behavior
If a phenomenon exists, it must be:
1. observable
2. measurable
3. repeatable
◉What are 5 characteristics of research? Answer: 1. SYSTEMATIC:
plan, identify, design, collect data, evaluate
2. LOGICAL: examine procedures to evaluate conclusions
3. EMPIRICAL: decisions based on data
4. REDUCTIVE: general relationships are established from data
5. REPLICABLE: actions are accurately recorded
◉What are 3 types of research (Goals and approaches)? Answer: 1.
Basic (bench) research: goal is theory driven, approach is through
the laboratory
,2. Applied (lab/clinical) research: goal is theory based using relevant
movements, approach is through a real-world setting
3. Population health research: goal is to determine what affects
health and how can it be improved
◉What are the 5 steps in the scientific method of problem solving?
Answer: 1. develop the problem
2. formulate the hypothesis
3. gather data
4. analyze and interpret results
5. report the results
◉What are 2 assumptions in research and how do they lead to
rational solutions? Answer: 1. nature is orderly/regular, events are
to some extent consistent and predictable
2. events/conditions are not random, causes can be discovered.
These allow us to direct scientific inquiry towards cause/effect
relationships so we can discover rational solutions
◉What are the 6 parts of research papers? Answer: 1. Title: states
independent variable, dependent variable, population
2. Abstract: concise summary of the paper
3. Intro and literature review
4. Methodology: sample, tools, procedure, type of analysis
, 5. Results
6. Discussion and conclusion
◉What are the 2 perspectives through which we must understand
research? What is the difference between deductive and inductive
research? Answer: 1. perspective of the researchers
2. perspectives of the participant
+ context of the research
Deductive: starts with a theory and does research to FIND evidence
for this theory
Inductive: a series of observations leads to COMING UP with a
theory.
◉What are the 2 sources of literature? Answer: 1. Primary source:
original material, research paper, document, speech, evidence
written, created, or produced during the time under study, report of
ORIGINAL FINDINGS
2. Secondary source: provides comments, INTERPRETATIONS, or
analysis of primary sources, one step removed from the original
event/object.
*CANT JUST RELY ONLY ON SECONDARY
◉What is peer review? Answer: The "blind" process for the
reviewer/reviewee process of evaluation. Involves qualified
individuals within relevant field of study.
2026 QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◉What is the difference between thinking and critical thinking?
What is the danger of not having total anonymity for participants?
Answer: Thinking: attitudes, knowledge, skills
Critical thinking: STRUCTURED and SYSTEMATIC attempt to
understand and evaluate arguments and questions
Sometimes when not anonymous, participants will not tell the truth
if there is a chance it will harm them (power plays, employer-
employee)
◉What is research and what are 3 reasons for the importance of
research? Answer: Research: SYSTEMATIC inquiry, INVESTIGATES
hypotheses, suggests new INTERPRETATIONS of data/texts,
attempts to VERIFY existing knowledge and poses NEW QUESTIONS
for further research to inquire.
1. knowledge is made available through research and publications
2. scientific basis allows for process
3. must understand research process to comprehend new research
,◉What are the 3 goals of scientific research? If a phenomenon really
exists, it must be what 3 things? Answer: Goals of scientific
research:
1. describe whats happening
2. explain why it happened
3. predict future behavior
If a phenomenon exists, it must be:
1. observable
2. measurable
3. repeatable
◉What are 5 characteristics of research? Answer: 1. SYSTEMATIC:
plan, identify, design, collect data, evaluate
2. LOGICAL: examine procedures to evaluate conclusions
3. EMPIRICAL: decisions based on data
4. REDUCTIVE: general relationships are established from data
5. REPLICABLE: actions are accurately recorded
◉What are 3 types of research (Goals and approaches)? Answer: 1.
Basic (bench) research: goal is theory driven, approach is through
the laboratory
,2. Applied (lab/clinical) research: goal is theory based using relevant
movements, approach is through a real-world setting
3. Population health research: goal is to determine what affects
health and how can it be improved
◉What are the 5 steps in the scientific method of problem solving?
Answer: 1. develop the problem
2. formulate the hypothesis
3. gather data
4. analyze and interpret results
5. report the results
◉What are 2 assumptions in research and how do they lead to
rational solutions? Answer: 1. nature is orderly/regular, events are
to some extent consistent and predictable
2. events/conditions are not random, causes can be discovered.
These allow us to direct scientific inquiry towards cause/effect
relationships so we can discover rational solutions
◉What are the 6 parts of research papers? Answer: 1. Title: states
independent variable, dependent variable, population
2. Abstract: concise summary of the paper
3. Intro and literature review
4. Methodology: sample, tools, procedure, type of analysis
, 5. Results
6. Discussion and conclusion
◉What are the 2 perspectives through which we must understand
research? What is the difference between deductive and inductive
research? Answer: 1. perspective of the researchers
2. perspectives of the participant
+ context of the research
Deductive: starts with a theory and does research to FIND evidence
for this theory
Inductive: a series of observations leads to COMING UP with a
theory.
◉What are the 2 sources of literature? Answer: 1. Primary source:
original material, research paper, document, speech, evidence
written, created, or produced during the time under study, report of
ORIGINAL FINDINGS
2. Secondary source: provides comments, INTERPRETATIONS, or
analysis of primary sources, one step removed from the original
event/object.
*CANT JUST RELY ONLY ON SECONDARY
◉What is peer review? Answer: The "blind" process for the
reviewer/reviewee process of evaluation. Involves qualified
individuals within relevant field of study.
