KNES 213 MIDTERM COMPREHENSIVE
EXAMINATION TEST 2026 FULL QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
◉What are 4 pros and 3 cons to cohort studies? Answer: Pros:
-can measure multiple outcomes
-able to determine the onset of the condition
-good for rare exposures
-data collected prospectively (before) so better to predict
cause/effect CANT ESTABLISH THOUGH
Cons:
-expensive and time consuming
-SELECTION BIAS (lots of drop outs due to time)
-disease must be common or numbers are insufficient
◉What is a Case-Control study? What are 2 pros and 2 cons?
Answer: like a cohort study done backwards, retrospective, identify
individuals with a disease and look back to determine the exposure
(when did disease expose itself?)
Pros:
,-useful for rare diseases
-efficient
Cons:
-lots of recall (from 10yr ago) and selection (those with disease
more invested) bias
-cant establish cause/effect relationship
◉What is a Cross-sectional study? What are 4 pros and 2 cons?
Answer: looks at both the exposure and the outcome (disease) at the
same time, usually in a survey
Pros:
-quick
-can look at whole population or just a sample
-can look at prevalence
-generalizability
Cons:
-recall bias (Survey) and selection bias (only those invested)
-Cant establish Cause /effect relationship
◉What is a population study? Answer: ecological, measure
prevalence and incidence of disease, particularly when disease is
rare
, ◉What are case studies? What is it called when more than one
patient is used? Are the observational or experimental? Answer:
uncontrolled descriptive study with one patient, usually based on 1
individual or a few individuals that share a feature, lots of
information is collected and compared to similar cases More than
one called case series
◉What type of study design is this?
"is the risk of concussion greater for individuals in a league that
allows body checking compared to a league that does not allow body
checking?" Answer: cohort because we are following a group
classified according to exposure and incidence rate ratio
◉What type of study design is this?
"What is the effect of exercise in individuals with colon cancer
compared to those who do not exercise?" Answer: RCT or Quasi-
experimental because we dont know if they were randomly assigned
or not
◉What type of study design is this?
"Are individuals who develop ALS more likely to be smokers?"
Answer: Case control (not correlational because we are not looking
for a reason behind it, just likelihood)
◉What type of study design is this?
EXAMINATION TEST 2026 FULL QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
◉What are 4 pros and 3 cons to cohort studies? Answer: Pros:
-can measure multiple outcomes
-able to determine the onset of the condition
-good for rare exposures
-data collected prospectively (before) so better to predict
cause/effect CANT ESTABLISH THOUGH
Cons:
-expensive and time consuming
-SELECTION BIAS (lots of drop outs due to time)
-disease must be common or numbers are insufficient
◉What is a Case-Control study? What are 2 pros and 2 cons?
Answer: like a cohort study done backwards, retrospective, identify
individuals with a disease and look back to determine the exposure
(when did disease expose itself?)
Pros:
,-useful for rare diseases
-efficient
Cons:
-lots of recall (from 10yr ago) and selection (those with disease
more invested) bias
-cant establish cause/effect relationship
◉What is a Cross-sectional study? What are 4 pros and 2 cons?
Answer: looks at both the exposure and the outcome (disease) at the
same time, usually in a survey
Pros:
-quick
-can look at whole population or just a sample
-can look at prevalence
-generalizability
Cons:
-recall bias (Survey) and selection bias (only those invested)
-Cant establish Cause /effect relationship
◉What is a population study? Answer: ecological, measure
prevalence and incidence of disease, particularly when disease is
rare
, ◉What are case studies? What is it called when more than one
patient is used? Are the observational or experimental? Answer:
uncontrolled descriptive study with one patient, usually based on 1
individual or a few individuals that share a feature, lots of
information is collected and compared to similar cases More than
one called case series
◉What type of study design is this?
"is the risk of concussion greater for individuals in a league that
allows body checking compared to a league that does not allow body
checking?" Answer: cohort because we are following a group
classified according to exposure and incidence rate ratio
◉What type of study design is this?
"What is the effect of exercise in individuals with colon cancer
compared to those who do not exercise?" Answer: RCT or Quasi-
experimental because we dont know if they were randomly assigned
or not
◉What type of study design is this?
"Are individuals who develop ALS more likely to be smokers?"
Answer: Case control (not correlational because we are not looking
for a reason behind it, just likelihood)
◉What type of study design is this?
