KNES 213 MIDTERM EXAM PAPER 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◉What are the 3 things the title usually includes? Answer: •
Independent Variable
• Dependent Variable
• Population of Interest
(Ex. "The effect of concurrent loading (IV) on bone density (DV) in
older adults (POI)").
◉How is the author list structured? Answer: First author
(contributed the most) —> Second author —> Last author (principle
investigator, lab owner/director, contributed the second most to the
paper; supervised work and checked it)
◉What is the introduction for? Answer: Introduce topic by explain
what is being discussed and why it's a concern. Establish a
foundational framework and vast majority of your literature search
will go here.
,◉For qualitative papers, they will often state their theoretical
framework and worldview where? Answer: Introduction
◉Where are citations used the most in a research paper? Answer:
Introduction
◉In science, we do not use appeal to authority, we build on WHAT of
others? Answer: Foundational research work
◉The introduction should answer which questions? Answer: - What
are we looking at/investigating? Why?
- What we currently know?
- How we know it?
- What are the limitations to that knowledge?
- What is the knowledge gap?
- How will our research address this knowledge gap?
- Final thoughts (state your hypothesis)
◉What is the purpose of the methodology section in a research
paper? Answer: To address study design and define what type of
questions the study can address or attempt to answer. HEART OF
THE STUDY. How you define variables in context (operational
definitions for independent and dependent variables)
,◉Every research design type is faced with a... Answer: Trade off,
there is no perfect study design
◉What type of study design is said to be "the best" and why?
Answer: RCT's (randomized control trials) because they target cause
and effect questions
◉What is the results section for? Answer: For describing what you
recorded in your study
◉What does the results section have and not have? Answer: HAS:
subjects, size, height, how many, how many dropped out, tables and
figures
DOESN'T HAVE: interpretation of data, except for processed data
◉Data in the result section is presented in the way that was outlined
in the WHAT section? Answer: Methodology
◉What does the discussion section have? Answer: What happened
in your study?
, ◉What type of questions are asked in the discussion section?
Answer: • Did you see a change in the DV, why, which direction did it
go.
• Did this agree with your expectations? Why/not?
• What did you learn in the study about the study / DV?
• Were there any unforeseen limitations, restriction, biases,
confounding variables that cropped up during testing?
• What could you do better?
• Where is the research headed?
◉What is the conclusions section for? (Also called future directions
and knowledge translation) Answer: This is where the "take away
message" from you, the researcher, goes
• Connect the introduction to the discussion (wrap it together)
• Suggests further research, improvement(s) to the study, what
needs to occur next
• This is also the section where you can make recommendations
based on what you learned, and how the knowledge learned in the
study can be translated or transferred to the public (acknowledging
the limitations due to study design, sampling, bias,...)
◉What is the abstract section? Answer: - Written last, once
everything is done....
• Word limited to between 150-300 words
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◉What are the 3 things the title usually includes? Answer: •
Independent Variable
• Dependent Variable
• Population of Interest
(Ex. "The effect of concurrent loading (IV) on bone density (DV) in
older adults (POI)").
◉How is the author list structured? Answer: First author
(contributed the most) —> Second author —> Last author (principle
investigator, lab owner/director, contributed the second most to the
paper; supervised work and checked it)
◉What is the introduction for? Answer: Introduce topic by explain
what is being discussed and why it's a concern. Establish a
foundational framework and vast majority of your literature search
will go here.
,◉For qualitative papers, they will often state their theoretical
framework and worldview where? Answer: Introduction
◉Where are citations used the most in a research paper? Answer:
Introduction
◉In science, we do not use appeal to authority, we build on WHAT of
others? Answer: Foundational research work
◉The introduction should answer which questions? Answer: - What
are we looking at/investigating? Why?
- What we currently know?
- How we know it?
- What are the limitations to that knowledge?
- What is the knowledge gap?
- How will our research address this knowledge gap?
- Final thoughts (state your hypothesis)
◉What is the purpose of the methodology section in a research
paper? Answer: To address study design and define what type of
questions the study can address or attempt to answer. HEART OF
THE STUDY. How you define variables in context (operational
definitions for independent and dependent variables)
,◉Every research design type is faced with a... Answer: Trade off,
there is no perfect study design
◉What type of study design is said to be "the best" and why?
Answer: RCT's (randomized control trials) because they target cause
and effect questions
◉What is the results section for? Answer: For describing what you
recorded in your study
◉What does the results section have and not have? Answer: HAS:
subjects, size, height, how many, how many dropped out, tables and
figures
DOESN'T HAVE: interpretation of data, except for processed data
◉Data in the result section is presented in the way that was outlined
in the WHAT section? Answer: Methodology
◉What does the discussion section have? Answer: What happened
in your study?
, ◉What type of questions are asked in the discussion section?
Answer: • Did you see a change in the DV, why, which direction did it
go.
• Did this agree with your expectations? Why/not?
• What did you learn in the study about the study / DV?
• Were there any unforeseen limitations, restriction, biases,
confounding variables that cropped up during testing?
• What could you do better?
• Where is the research headed?
◉What is the conclusions section for? (Also called future directions
and knowledge translation) Answer: This is where the "take away
message" from you, the researcher, goes
• Connect the introduction to the discussion (wrap it together)
• Suggests further research, improvement(s) to the study, what
needs to occur next
• This is also the section where you can make recommendations
based on what you learned, and how the knowledge learned in the
study can be translated or transferred to the public (acknowledging
the limitations due to study design, sampling, bias,...)
◉What is the abstract section? Answer: - Written last, once
everything is done....
• Word limited to between 150-300 words
