Isye 6501 Final exam 2
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
CORRECT ANSWERS
GRADED A+ 100%
GUARANTEED PASS [ LATEST
2026-2027]
box and whisker plot - CORRECT ANSWER-Graphical representation data showing the middle
range of data (the "box"), reasonable ranges of variability ("whiskers"), and points (possible
outliers) outside those ranges.
Box-Cox Transformation - CORRECT ANSWER-Transformation of a non-normally-distributed
response to a normal distribution.
Branching - CORRECT ANSWER-Splitting a set of data into two or more subsets, to each be
analyzed separately.
CART - CORRECT ANSWER-Classification and regression trees.
Categorical Data - CORRECT ANSWER-Data that classifies observations without quantitative
meaning (for example, colors of cars) or where quantitative amounts are categorized (for
example, "0-10, 11-20, ...").
Causation - CORRECT ANSWER-Relationship in which one thing makes another happen (i.e., one
thing causes another).
,Chance Constraint - CORRECT ANSWER-A probability-based constraint. For example, a standard
linear constraint might be 𝐴x≤𝑏. A similar chance constraint might be Pr (𝐴x≤𝑏)≥0.95
Change Detection - CORRECT ANSWER-Identifying when a significant change has taken place in
a process.
Classification - CORRECT ANSWER-The separation of data into two or more categories, or (a
point's classification) the category a data point is put into.
Classification tree - CORRECT ANSWER-Tree-based method for classification. After branching to
split the data, each subset is analyzed with its own classification model.
Classifier - CORRECT ANSWER-A boundary that separates the data into two or more categories.
Also (more generally) an algorithm that performs classification.
Clique - CORRECT ANSWER-A set of nodes where each pair is connected by an arc.
Cluster - CORRECT ANSWER-A group of points identified as near/similar to each other.
Cluster Center - CORRECT ANSWER-In some clustering algorithms (like 𝑘𝑘-means clustering),
the central point (often the centroid) of a cluster of data points.
Clustering - CORRECT ANSWER-Separation of data points into groups ("clusters") based on
nearness/similarity to each other. A common form of unsupervised learning.
Collective outlier - CORRECT ANSWER-A set of data points that is (uncommonly) different from
others - for example, a missing heartbeat in an electrocardiogram; we don't know exactly which
millisecond it should've happened in, but collectively there's a set of milliseconds that it's
missing from.
,Concave Function - CORRECT ANSWER-A function f() where for every two points 𝑥 and 𝑦, 𝑓(𝑐x+
(1−𝑐)𝑦) ≥ 𝑐𝑓(𝑥) + (1−𝑐)𝑓(𝑦) for all 𝑐 between 0 and 1. In two dimensions, this means if the points
(𝑥,𝑓(𝑥)) and (𝑦,𝑓(𝑦)) are connected with a straight line, the line is always below [or equal to] the
function's curve between those two points. If 𝑓() is concave, then −𝑓() is convex.
concordance index - CORRECT ANSWER-Area under the ROC curve; an estimate of the
classification model's accuracy. Also called AUC.
Confusion matrix - CORRECT ANSWER-Visualization of classification model performance.
Constant - CORRECT ANSWER-A number that remains the same.
constraint - CORRECT ANSWER-Part of an optimization model that describes a restriction on the
solution (the values of the variables).
Contextual outlier - CORRECT ANSWER-A data point that is (uncommonly) far from other data
points related to it - for example, in Atlanta, a 90-degree (Fahrenheit) day in winter is an outlier,
but a 90-degree day in summer is not.
continuous-time simulation - CORRECT ANSWER-A simulation that models a system
continuously, at every instant of time; continuous-time simulation models are often based on
differential equations.
Control - CORRECT ANSWER-(1) A variable whose value remains constant for all runs of an
experiment, so changes in this variable don't affect the experiment. (2) Design an experiment
where some factors ("controls" by definition (1)) are held constant to avoid them affecting the
outcome.
, Convex function - CORRECT ANSWER-A function f() where for every two points 𝑥 and 𝑦, 𝑓(𝑐x+
(1−𝑐)𝑦) ≤ 𝑐f(𝑥) + (1−𝑐)𝑓(𝑦) for all 𝑐 between 0 and 1. In two dimensions, this means if the points
(𝑥,𝑓(𝑥)) and (𝑦,𝑓(𝑦)) are connected with a straight line, the line is always above [or equal to] the
function's curve between those two points. If 𝑓() is convex, then −𝑓() is concave.
Convex Hull (of a set of points) - CORRECT ANSWER-Smallest convex shape that the set of points
is contained in.
Convex Optimization model - CORRECT ANSWER-An optimization model where the objective
function is to minimize a convex function (or maximize a concave function) and the constraints
define a convex set of feasible solutions.
Convex Quadratic Function - CORRECT ANSWER-A second-order polynomial function that is
convex.
Convex Quadratic Program - CORRECT ANSWER-A mathematical program where a convex
quadratic function of the variables is minimized, subject to linear constraints.
Convex Set - CORRECT ANSWER-A set of points for which a straight line drawn between any two
points in the set, stays inside the set. A circle is a convex set. A set shaped like the letter "U" is
not convex; the line between the two points on top goes outside of the set.
Cooperative Game Theory - CORRECT ANSWER-A game theory setting where the participants
are also working together to achieve some goal, while also competing in some way.
Corrected AIC - CORRECT ANSWER-Improved version of AIC, especially when sample size is
small.
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
CORRECT ANSWERS
GRADED A+ 100%
GUARANTEED PASS [ LATEST
2026-2027]
box and whisker plot - CORRECT ANSWER-Graphical representation data showing the middle
range of data (the "box"), reasonable ranges of variability ("whiskers"), and points (possible
outliers) outside those ranges.
Box-Cox Transformation - CORRECT ANSWER-Transformation of a non-normally-distributed
response to a normal distribution.
Branching - CORRECT ANSWER-Splitting a set of data into two or more subsets, to each be
analyzed separately.
CART - CORRECT ANSWER-Classification and regression trees.
Categorical Data - CORRECT ANSWER-Data that classifies observations without quantitative
meaning (for example, colors of cars) or where quantitative amounts are categorized (for
example, "0-10, 11-20, ...").
Causation - CORRECT ANSWER-Relationship in which one thing makes another happen (i.e., one
thing causes another).
,Chance Constraint - CORRECT ANSWER-A probability-based constraint. For example, a standard
linear constraint might be 𝐴x≤𝑏. A similar chance constraint might be Pr (𝐴x≤𝑏)≥0.95
Change Detection - CORRECT ANSWER-Identifying when a significant change has taken place in
a process.
Classification - CORRECT ANSWER-The separation of data into two or more categories, or (a
point's classification) the category a data point is put into.
Classification tree - CORRECT ANSWER-Tree-based method for classification. After branching to
split the data, each subset is analyzed with its own classification model.
Classifier - CORRECT ANSWER-A boundary that separates the data into two or more categories.
Also (more generally) an algorithm that performs classification.
Clique - CORRECT ANSWER-A set of nodes where each pair is connected by an arc.
Cluster - CORRECT ANSWER-A group of points identified as near/similar to each other.
Cluster Center - CORRECT ANSWER-In some clustering algorithms (like 𝑘𝑘-means clustering),
the central point (often the centroid) of a cluster of data points.
Clustering - CORRECT ANSWER-Separation of data points into groups ("clusters") based on
nearness/similarity to each other. A common form of unsupervised learning.
Collective outlier - CORRECT ANSWER-A set of data points that is (uncommonly) different from
others - for example, a missing heartbeat in an electrocardiogram; we don't know exactly which
millisecond it should've happened in, but collectively there's a set of milliseconds that it's
missing from.
,Concave Function - CORRECT ANSWER-A function f() where for every two points 𝑥 and 𝑦, 𝑓(𝑐x+
(1−𝑐)𝑦) ≥ 𝑐𝑓(𝑥) + (1−𝑐)𝑓(𝑦) for all 𝑐 between 0 and 1. In two dimensions, this means if the points
(𝑥,𝑓(𝑥)) and (𝑦,𝑓(𝑦)) are connected with a straight line, the line is always below [or equal to] the
function's curve between those two points. If 𝑓() is concave, then −𝑓() is convex.
concordance index - CORRECT ANSWER-Area under the ROC curve; an estimate of the
classification model's accuracy. Also called AUC.
Confusion matrix - CORRECT ANSWER-Visualization of classification model performance.
Constant - CORRECT ANSWER-A number that remains the same.
constraint - CORRECT ANSWER-Part of an optimization model that describes a restriction on the
solution (the values of the variables).
Contextual outlier - CORRECT ANSWER-A data point that is (uncommonly) far from other data
points related to it - for example, in Atlanta, a 90-degree (Fahrenheit) day in winter is an outlier,
but a 90-degree day in summer is not.
continuous-time simulation - CORRECT ANSWER-A simulation that models a system
continuously, at every instant of time; continuous-time simulation models are often based on
differential equations.
Control - CORRECT ANSWER-(1) A variable whose value remains constant for all runs of an
experiment, so changes in this variable don't affect the experiment. (2) Design an experiment
where some factors ("controls" by definition (1)) are held constant to avoid them affecting the
outcome.
, Convex function - CORRECT ANSWER-A function f() where for every two points 𝑥 and 𝑦, 𝑓(𝑐x+
(1−𝑐)𝑦) ≤ 𝑐f(𝑥) + (1−𝑐)𝑓(𝑦) for all 𝑐 between 0 and 1. In two dimensions, this means if the points
(𝑥,𝑓(𝑥)) and (𝑦,𝑓(𝑦)) are connected with a straight line, the line is always above [or equal to] the
function's curve between those two points. If 𝑓() is convex, then −𝑓() is concave.
Convex Hull (of a set of points) - CORRECT ANSWER-Smallest convex shape that the set of points
is contained in.
Convex Optimization model - CORRECT ANSWER-An optimization model where the objective
function is to minimize a convex function (or maximize a concave function) and the constraints
define a convex set of feasible solutions.
Convex Quadratic Function - CORRECT ANSWER-A second-order polynomial function that is
convex.
Convex Quadratic Program - CORRECT ANSWER-A mathematical program where a convex
quadratic function of the variables is minimized, subject to linear constraints.
Convex Set - CORRECT ANSWER-A set of points for which a straight line drawn between any two
points in the set, stays inside the set. A circle is a convex set. A set shaped like the letter "U" is
not convex; the line between the two points on top goes outside of the set.
Cooperative Game Theory - CORRECT ANSWER-A game theory setting where the participants
are also working together to achieve some goal, while also competing in some way.
Corrected AIC - CORRECT ANSWER-Improved version of AIC, especially when sample size is
small.
