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In Bronfenbrenner's model, proximal processes refer to
A. independent changes in mental processes.
B. indirect influences on an organism.
C. favorable developmental conditions that are more likely to exist in one particular
stage of development than in another.
D. reciprocal interactions between an organism and its immediate environment. -
ANSWERS-D. reciprocal interactions between an organism and its immediate
environment
Recessive, defective gene alleles can cause hereditary disorders. It is estimated that
most people carry ____________ recessive, defective alleles in their genotypes.
A. three to five
B. hundreds of
C. thousands of
D. zero - ANSWERS-A. three to five
Which of the following statements is true about the effects of teratogens on the
developing fetus?
,A. The kind of damage done depends on the stage of development during exposure.
B. Any given teratogen usually has the same effect regardless of when in prenatal
development exposure occurs.
C. A teratogen will usually have the same effect regardless of how much exposure the
fetus has to that teratogen.
D. Ancient Greeks believed in teratogens, but modern science has been unable to
identify any. - ANSWERS-A. The kind of damage done depends on the stage of
development during exposure.
Sally, age 28, recently married John, age 45. They would like to have a child, but they
are concerned that they may be at high risk to have a child with a chromosomal
abnormality, like Down's syndrome, because of John's age. What is their genetic
counselor likely to tell them?
A. They are at higher than average risk for some chromosomal disorders because of
John's age, but not for Down's syndrome.
B. There is no relationship between parents' age and chromosomal disorders in their
offspring.
C. They are at higher than average risk for chromosomal disorders of all sorts because
of John's age.
D. The risk of any chromosomal disorder in a child is only related to the mother's age,
not to the father's age. - ANSWERS-A. they are at higher than average risk for some
chromosomal disorders because of John's age, but not for Down's syndrome.
The process of myelination is not completed until
A. middle childhood.
B. around age 5 or 6.
C. the end of infancy.
D. well into adulthood. - ANSWERS-D. well into adulthood.
Which of the following is the best example of neuroplasticity?
,A. The 3-year-old's brain is approximately three-fourths of its adult size.
B. Cells from the hippocampus are instrumental in encoding memories.
C. Neurons that are transplanted from the auditory cortex to the visual cortex begin to
perceive light.
D. Fetal brains grow quickly, increasing in weight over the course of pregnancy. -
ANSWERS-C. Neurons that are transplanted from the auditory cortex to the visual
cortex begin to perceive light.
Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) include
A. widely spaced eyes and flattened nose.
B. flipper arms.
C. blindness and shortened limbs.
D. addiction to alcohol. - ANSWERS-A. widely spaced eyes and flattened nose.
Massage therapy for infants has been very successful in promoting weight gain and
social interaction, and in decreasing distress in low birth weight infants. Based upon
developmental research, what is the best explanation for this?
A. Infants' bodies take in more nutrients when they are touched as they nurse.
B. Touch is the best developed sense at birth and therefore the most effective avenue
for soothing and regulating the newborn.
C. Crying and other distress is reduced because the infant is paying attention to the
person giving the massage.
D. When the infant is massaged, its attachment to the caregiver is strengthened. -
ANSWERS-B. Touch is the best developed sense at birth and therefore the most
effective avenue for soothing and regulating the newborn.
Most postnatal brain growth depends upon the proliferation of
, A. synapses.
B. myelination.
C. glial cells.
D. neurotransmitters. - ANSWERS-A. synapses.
The epigenome is the full set of factors, from the cell to the outside world, that controls
the expression of
A. histones.
B. hereditary material.
C. recessive genes.
D. the zygote. - ANSWERS-B. hereditary material.
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) plays a significant role in
A. the human response to stress.
B. X-linked recessive diseases.
C. determining the sex of a fetus.
D. determining eye color. - ANSWERS-A. the human response to stress
The brain is commonly classified into three main parts. They are
A. forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.
B. cerebellum, medulla and limbic system
C. midbrain, forebrain and cerebral cortex.
D. midbrain, pons, and cerebellum. - ANSWERS-A. forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.
In one study, young rats exposed to stress vocalized their anxiety. Their mothers,
alerted to this distress, responded with diligent caregiving behavior that altered the