PNB 2265 Renal System 1 EXAM 130 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS 2026 LATEST TEST
What are the three major functions of the kidneys?
- CORRECT ANSWER--Excretion of wastes and foreign chemicals
-Regulation of water and ion (salt) balance (pH/Bicarb)
-Secretion of hormones
How many liters of fluid do the kidneys filter per day? - CORRECT ANSWER-~180 liters/day
How man liters of urine does a human output per day? - CORRECT ANSWER-~1-2 liters/day
What is the normal blood volume of a human?How long does it take to filter your entire plasma
volume? - CORRECT ANSWER-3 Liters, ~45 minutes
What does filtrate consist of? - CORRECT ANSWER-Blood plasma without the proteins
What percentage of the filtrate that flows through the nephron is reabsorbed? What does the
remaining eventually become? - CORRECT ANSWER-99%. The remaining 1% becomes urine
How many times per day does the body filter the entire blood volume? - CORRECT ANSWER-60
times/day
What are the three major external organs associated with the renal system? - CORRECT ANSWER-
Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder
What artery supplies blood to the kidneys? What does this artery branch into? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Renal artery, becomes afferent arteriole
Where does the renal artery enter the kidney? - CORRECT ANSWER-The medial border of each
kidney
, Where are kidneys located? - CORRECT ANSWER-Peritoneally at the level of the lower
thoracic/lumbar vertebrae
What is the main purpose of the ureters and the bladder? - CORRECT ANSWER-Ureters bring urine
formed by the kidneys to the urinary bladder, where it is stored for excretion
What are the three major components of the internal anatomy of the kidney? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Renal cortex, Renal medulla, Renal pelvis
What are the two subdivisions of the renal cortex? - CORRECT ANSWER--Outer cortical region
-Inner juxtamedullary region/corticomedullary region: within renal cortex and interspersed
throughout medulla
What are renal columns? What do they subdivide into? - CORRECT ANSWER-Extensions of the
cortex, project into the medulla and subdivide into the medullary pyramids
What is the apex/tip of each renal pyramid called? What do they project into? - CORRECT
ANSWER-The renal papilla project into the minor calyx
When the minor calyces of many pyramids merge, what do they form? How many of these does a
typical kidney have? - CORRECT ANSWER-Major Calyx, typical kidney has 2-3
Where does the urine travel after the major calyx? - CORRECT ANSWER-The renal pelvis to be
transported to the ureter
What is osmolarity? - CORRECT ANSWER-The particle concentration
Briefly explain the osmotic gradient in the kidney. - CORRECT ANSWER-If you were to take an
osmonitor to sample the osmolarity in the kidney, you would find the outer cortex is 300 mOsm,
while the inner medulla is 1200 mOsm.
What is the functional unit of the kidney? - CORRECT ANSWER-The nephron
CORRECT ANSWERS 2026 LATEST TEST
What are the three major functions of the kidneys?
- CORRECT ANSWER--Excretion of wastes and foreign chemicals
-Regulation of water and ion (salt) balance (pH/Bicarb)
-Secretion of hormones
How many liters of fluid do the kidneys filter per day? - CORRECT ANSWER-~180 liters/day
How man liters of urine does a human output per day? - CORRECT ANSWER-~1-2 liters/day
What is the normal blood volume of a human?How long does it take to filter your entire plasma
volume? - CORRECT ANSWER-3 Liters, ~45 minutes
What does filtrate consist of? - CORRECT ANSWER-Blood plasma without the proteins
What percentage of the filtrate that flows through the nephron is reabsorbed? What does the
remaining eventually become? - CORRECT ANSWER-99%. The remaining 1% becomes urine
How many times per day does the body filter the entire blood volume? - CORRECT ANSWER-60
times/day
What are the three major external organs associated with the renal system? - CORRECT ANSWER-
Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder
What artery supplies blood to the kidneys? What does this artery branch into? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Renal artery, becomes afferent arteriole
Where does the renal artery enter the kidney? - CORRECT ANSWER-The medial border of each
kidney
, Where are kidneys located? - CORRECT ANSWER-Peritoneally at the level of the lower
thoracic/lumbar vertebrae
What is the main purpose of the ureters and the bladder? - CORRECT ANSWER-Ureters bring urine
formed by the kidneys to the urinary bladder, where it is stored for excretion
What are the three major components of the internal anatomy of the kidney? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Renal cortex, Renal medulla, Renal pelvis
What are the two subdivisions of the renal cortex? - CORRECT ANSWER--Outer cortical region
-Inner juxtamedullary region/corticomedullary region: within renal cortex and interspersed
throughout medulla
What are renal columns? What do they subdivide into? - CORRECT ANSWER-Extensions of the
cortex, project into the medulla and subdivide into the medullary pyramids
What is the apex/tip of each renal pyramid called? What do they project into? - CORRECT
ANSWER-The renal papilla project into the minor calyx
When the minor calyces of many pyramids merge, what do they form? How many of these does a
typical kidney have? - CORRECT ANSWER-Major Calyx, typical kidney has 2-3
Where does the urine travel after the major calyx? - CORRECT ANSWER-The renal pelvis to be
transported to the ureter
What is osmolarity? - CORRECT ANSWER-The particle concentration
Briefly explain the osmotic gradient in the kidney. - CORRECT ANSWER-If you were to take an
osmonitor to sample the osmolarity in the kidney, you would find the outer cortex is 300 mOsm,
while the inner medulla is 1200 mOsm.
What is the functional unit of the kidney? - CORRECT ANSWER-The nephron
