manager
person who supports and is responsible for the work of others; administers
systems/structure, maintains; relies on control; considers short-range view; asks
"How?" and "When?"; maintains status quo; does things "right."
first-line manager
supervise non-managerial staff; serves as a team leader or supervisor
middle manager
oversee relatively large departments or divisions; may hold titles like Director,
Plant Manger, or Regional Sales Manager
top managers
guide organizational performance, in whole or in part; Hold titles like CEO, CFO,
CIO, COO, President, or Vice President
Leader
, innovates, focuses on people, develops, inspires trust, considers long-range view,
asks "what?" and "why?"; challenges status quo, does the "right thing"
board of directors
elected by stakeholders to represent their interests; supervise CEOs
governance
oversight of top management by a board of directors/board of trustees
accountability
being required to show performance results to a supervisor; a cornerstone of
managerial performance; in the traditional organizational pyramid, accountability
flows upward
dependency
always linked to accountability; even as a manager is being held accountable to his
superiors, he is also dependent upon others to do the required work
effective manager