National Counselor Examination Study
Guide rated A
Using motivation from 'within' is known as ______________
A. Inside motivation
B. Interior motivation
✅
C. Intrinsic motivation
D. Idealistic motivation - correct answer C. Intrinsic motivation
Which of the following is not an example of extrinsic motivation?
A. Employee performance improves when wages are increased
B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene plan
C. Children finish a task more quickly if they are promised candy
correct answer ✅
D. A student studies more on a test to make the highest grade in the class -
B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene plan
Which of the following socioeconomic factor could affect the outcome of
therapeutic counseling? Choose all that apply.
A. Lack of transportation
B. Lack of intrinsic motivation
✅
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
D. None of the above - correct answer A. Lack of transportation
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
What is the meaning of transference/countertransference relationships? Choose
all that apply.
A. A client transferring their relationship with another onto the therapist
,National Counselor Examination Study
Guide rated A
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another onto the client
✅
C. Transferring the blame or outcome of behavior onto someone else
D. None of the above - correct answer A. A client transferring their relationship
with another onto the therapist
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another onto the client
What is one instance that might cause a clinician to break the strong code of client
confidentiality?
A. Feeling the need to talk
B. Duty to warn
✅
C. When the therapist is going on vacation
D. All of the above - correct answer B. Duty to warn
Behavior Theory - correct answer ✅comes from the idea that all behaviors are
learned and acquired through a process known as conditioning
B. Watson? - correct answer ✅
What theory is most often associated with the psychologists B.F. Skinner and John
behavior theory
Behavior Therapy - correct answer ✅ concentrates on the observable behaviors
of a person or group, and dismisses internal mental states
Key components of Behavior theory: - correct answer
reinforcement, and punishment
✅ conditioning,
,National Counselor Examination Study
Guide rated A
What does behavioral theory NOT take into count? - correct answer ✅
the
concepts of emotion or even the unconscious or subconscious, as these states are
subjective rather than objective
Behaviorists believe that all behavior can be what? - correct answer ✅ Trained
Classical Conditioning - correct answer ✅ a process in which a subject comes to
respond to a stimulus that was previously considered neutral, continued exposure
to the stimulus will elicit a desired response
Operant Conditioning - correct answer ✅ a process in which a subject engages in
the correct behavior through the use of both rewards and punishments for a
response. The subject learns to associate the behavior with the outcome
Who created the behavioral psychology theory based on the idea that human
correct answer ✅
beings respond to their environment; external stimuli, not internal stimuli? -
Watson - he believed that all human beings could change their
behavior through classical or operant conditioning.
Who developed the following schedules of reinforcement:
✅
Continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement (fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed
interval, variable interval) - correct answer B.F. Skinner - behavioral theorist
Continuous reinforcement schedule - correct answer
response every time it occurs
✅ reinforcing the desired
, National Counselor Examination Study
Guide rated A
Partial reinforcement schedule - correct answer ✅ reinforcing a response only
part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater
resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
fixed ratio schedule - correct answer ✅a reinforcement schedule that reinforces
a response only after a predetermined number of responses
answer ✅
What strength of reinforcement does fixed ratio schedule produce? - correct
a high, steady rate of responses.
answer five questions correctly - correct answer ✅
What schedule of reinforcement is: giving a subject a piece of candy after they
Fixed ratio
variable-ratio schedule - correct answer ✅ a reinforcement schedule that
reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
answer ✅
What strength of reinforcement does variable-ratio schedule produce? - correct
High, steady rate of responding
What schedule of reinforcement is: a slot machine - correct answer
ratio
✅ variable-
fixed-interval schedule - correct answer ✅ a reinforcement schedule that
reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Guide rated A
Using motivation from 'within' is known as ______________
A. Inside motivation
B. Interior motivation
✅
C. Intrinsic motivation
D. Idealistic motivation - correct answer C. Intrinsic motivation
Which of the following is not an example of extrinsic motivation?
A. Employee performance improves when wages are increased
B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene plan
C. Children finish a task more quickly if they are promised candy
correct answer ✅
D. A student studies more on a test to make the highest grade in the class -
B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene plan
Which of the following socioeconomic factor could affect the outcome of
therapeutic counseling? Choose all that apply.
A. Lack of transportation
B. Lack of intrinsic motivation
✅
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
D. None of the above - correct answer A. Lack of transportation
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
What is the meaning of transference/countertransference relationships? Choose
all that apply.
A. A client transferring their relationship with another onto the therapist
,National Counselor Examination Study
Guide rated A
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another onto the client
✅
C. Transferring the blame or outcome of behavior onto someone else
D. None of the above - correct answer A. A client transferring their relationship
with another onto the therapist
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another onto the client
What is one instance that might cause a clinician to break the strong code of client
confidentiality?
A. Feeling the need to talk
B. Duty to warn
✅
C. When the therapist is going on vacation
D. All of the above - correct answer B. Duty to warn
Behavior Theory - correct answer ✅comes from the idea that all behaviors are
learned and acquired through a process known as conditioning
B. Watson? - correct answer ✅
What theory is most often associated with the psychologists B.F. Skinner and John
behavior theory
Behavior Therapy - correct answer ✅ concentrates on the observable behaviors
of a person or group, and dismisses internal mental states
Key components of Behavior theory: - correct answer
reinforcement, and punishment
✅ conditioning,
,National Counselor Examination Study
Guide rated A
What does behavioral theory NOT take into count? - correct answer ✅
the
concepts of emotion or even the unconscious or subconscious, as these states are
subjective rather than objective
Behaviorists believe that all behavior can be what? - correct answer ✅ Trained
Classical Conditioning - correct answer ✅ a process in which a subject comes to
respond to a stimulus that was previously considered neutral, continued exposure
to the stimulus will elicit a desired response
Operant Conditioning - correct answer ✅ a process in which a subject engages in
the correct behavior through the use of both rewards and punishments for a
response. The subject learns to associate the behavior with the outcome
Who created the behavioral psychology theory based on the idea that human
correct answer ✅
beings respond to their environment; external stimuli, not internal stimuli? -
Watson - he believed that all human beings could change their
behavior through classical or operant conditioning.
Who developed the following schedules of reinforcement:
✅
Continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement (fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed
interval, variable interval) - correct answer B.F. Skinner - behavioral theorist
Continuous reinforcement schedule - correct answer
response every time it occurs
✅ reinforcing the desired
, National Counselor Examination Study
Guide rated A
Partial reinforcement schedule - correct answer ✅ reinforcing a response only
part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater
resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
fixed ratio schedule - correct answer ✅a reinforcement schedule that reinforces
a response only after a predetermined number of responses
answer ✅
What strength of reinforcement does fixed ratio schedule produce? - correct
a high, steady rate of responses.
answer five questions correctly - correct answer ✅
What schedule of reinforcement is: giving a subject a piece of candy after they
Fixed ratio
variable-ratio schedule - correct answer ✅ a reinforcement schedule that
reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
answer ✅
What strength of reinforcement does variable-ratio schedule produce? - correct
High, steady rate of responding
What schedule of reinforcement is: a slot machine - correct answer
ratio
✅ variable-
fixed-interval schedule - correct answer ✅ a reinforcement schedule that
reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
