HTH 408 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS ALL CORRECT
What 3 things are included in a methodology? - Answer- -A description of the subjects
-Exact procedure utilized to collect the data
-Explanation of instruments employed in the conduct of the study
What does statistics use? - Answer- mathematical logic to interpret phenomena & draw
conclusions about accumulated data
What does statistics attempt to predict? - Answer- Future behaviors or relationships
What type of test does nominal and ordinal use? - Answer- Non parametric
What type of test does interval & ratio use? - Answer- Parametric
Characteristics of Parametric data - Answer- -Data assumed to be normally distributed
-Must meet homogeneity of variances & equal sample sizes
-Frequently considered more powerful
Characteristics of Non Parametric data - Answer- -Do NOT require a normally
distributed population
-have wider applications & less difficult to compute
What central measure is used for parametric data? why? - Answer- Mean, bc data
should be normally distributed
What central measure is used for non parametric data? why? - Answer- Median, bc the
outliers can sway results
When there are 2 groups being measured for parametric data, which test is used? -
Answer- Independent t test
When there are more than 2 groups being measured for parametric data, which test it
used? - Answer- One way ANOVA
When there are 2 groups being measured for non parametric data, which test is used? -
Answer- Mann-Whitney test
, When there are more than 2 groups being measured for non parametric data, which test
is used? - Answer- Kruskal Wallis Test
What are 3 distinct properties of a normal distribution (bell) curve? - Answer- -bell
shaped, infinitely in both directions
-Follows Empirical rule
-Total area under the curve is equal to 1
Empirical Rule states which percentages of data are covered with 1, 2, & 3 standard
deviations away from the mean? - Answer- 1 SD= 68.2%
2 SD= 95.4%
3 SD= 99.7%
Normal Distribution - Answer- A perfect distribution where the mean, median & mode
are equal to on another
Skewed Distributions - Answer- -Can skew left (negative skew) or right (positive skew)
-Mean, median, & mode are shifted in a skewed distribution
What can outliers do to the data? - Answer- Distort research findings
Univariate Analysis - Answer- Analysis of one variable
What are 2 types of univariate analysis? - Answer- -Descriptive
-Inferential
Descriptive analysis - Answer- -First time impression of a variable
-Allows researchers to sketch details of variables & become familiar with the sample
Inferential analysis - Answer- -Provides deeper understanding of a variable bc it draw
conclusions from a sample population
What things can inferential analyses do? - Answer- -Estimate & predict
-Calculate sampling error (random error)
Sampling types can be divided into which two large groups? - Answer- Probability and
Non-probability sampling
Sampling frame - Answer- List of the entire population under study (ex, JMU email list)
When do you usually use quantitative and qualitative studies? - Answer- - Quantitative:
Probability
- Qualitative: Non probability
3 Basic requirements of Experimental Research - Answer- 1) randomly assign
participants into control & experimental
ANSWERS ALL CORRECT
What 3 things are included in a methodology? - Answer- -A description of the subjects
-Exact procedure utilized to collect the data
-Explanation of instruments employed in the conduct of the study
What does statistics use? - Answer- mathematical logic to interpret phenomena & draw
conclusions about accumulated data
What does statistics attempt to predict? - Answer- Future behaviors or relationships
What type of test does nominal and ordinal use? - Answer- Non parametric
What type of test does interval & ratio use? - Answer- Parametric
Characteristics of Parametric data - Answer- -Data assumed to be normally distributed
-Must meet homogeneity of variances & equal sample sizes
-Frequently considered more powerful
Characteristics of Non Parametric data - Answer- -Do NOT require a normally
distributed population
-have wider applications & less difficult to compute
What central measure is used for parametric data? why? - Answer- Mean, bc data
should be normally distributed
What central measure is used for non parametric data? why? - Answer- Median, bc the
outliers can sway results
When there are 2 groups being measured for parametric data, which test is used? -
Answer- Independent t test
When there are more than 2 groups being measured for parametric data, which test it
used? - Answer- One way ANOVA
When there are 2 groups being measured for non parametric data, which test is used? -
Answer- Mann-Whitney test
, When there are more than 2 groups being measured for non parametric data, which test
is used? - Answer- Kruskal Wallis Test
What are 3 distinct properties of a normal distribution (bell) curve? - Answer- -bell
shaped, infinitely in both directions
-Follows Empirical rule
-Total area under the curve is equal to 1
Empirical Rule states which percentages of data are covered with 1, 2, & 3 standard
deviations away from the mean? - Answer- 1 SD= 68.2%
2 SD= 95.4%
3 SD= 99.7%
Normal Distribution - Answer- A perfect distribution where the mean, median & mode
are equal to on another
Skewed Distributions - Answer- -Can skew left (negative skew) or right (positive skew)
-Mean, median, & mode are shifted in a skewed distribution
What can outliers do to the data? - Answer- Distort research findings
Univariate Analysis - Answer- Analysis of one variable
What are 2 types of univariate analysis? - Answer- -Descriptive
-Inferential
Descriptive analysis - Answer- -First time impression of a variable
-Allows researchers to sketch details of variables & become familiar with the sample
Inferential analysis - Answer- -Provides deeper understanding of a variable bc it draw
conclusions from a sample population
What things can inferential analyses do? - Answer- -Estimate & predict
-Calculate sampling error (random error)
Sampling types can be divided into which two large groups? - Answer- Probability and
Non-probability sampling
Sampling frame - Answer- List of the entire population under study (ex, JMU email list)
When do you usually use quantitative and qualitative studies? - Answer- - Quantitative:
Probability
- Qualitative: Non probability
3 Basic requirements of Experimental Research - Answer- 1) randomly assign
participants into control & experimental
