NUR 145-Final Review Questions With
Correct Answers
Hypovolemia
-fluid |volume |deficit
-dehydration |so |IV |therapy |is |needed
-very |thirsty, |low |BP, |hypoxemia, |increased |temp, |pulse |(weak |and |thready), |RR, |thin, |dry |skin |
and |mucous |membranes, |decreased |urine |output, |dark |and |concentrated |urine, |altered |
mental |status
-causes: |hemorrhage, |shock, |severe |malnutrition, |burns, |third-space |shifting
Hypervolemia
-fluid |volume |excess
-diuretics |are |needed
-water |intoxication
-edema, |increased |BP, |pulse |(bounding), |RR, |weight, |and |urine |output; |JVD, |S3 |heart |sounds, |
crackles |in |lungs, |stretched |shiny |skin
-fluid |and |sodium |restriction
-causes: |over-hydration, |decreased |renal |function, |HF, |long-term |steroid |use
hypotonic
0.45% |NS
isotonic
0.9% |NS |(everything |else)
LR |(burns |and |surgery)
D5W |(cellular |energy)
hypertonic
D5LR, |D5NS
Cerebral |Edema
sodium
,---WATER |FOLLOWS |SODIUM---
-135-145
-regulated |by |aldosterone |and |kidneys
-important |to |the |brain
hypernatremia
-s/s: |thirst, |swollen |dry |tongue, |sticky |mucous |membranes, |restlessness, |irritability, |tachycardia
-thiazide |diuretic
hyponatremia
s/s: |nausea, |headache, |altered |mental |status, |muscle |cramps, |weakness, |twitching, |
hypotension
potassium
---POTASSIUM |FOLLOWS |GLUCOSE---
-3.5-5
-regulated |by |kidneys, |feces, |and |sweat
hyperkalemia
-causes: |metabolic |acidosis
-s/s: |acidosis, |dysrhythmias, |intestinal |cramping, |EKG |changes |(tall |tented |T |waves, |widened |
QRS)
-treatment: |Kayexalate
hypokalemia
-s/s: |alkalosis, |anorexia, |vomiting, |constipation, |leg |cramps, |EKG |changes |(U |waves, |ST |
depression)
magnesium
-1.3-2.1
-regulated |by |GI |and |renal |systems
-needed |for |carb |and |protein |metabolism
-maintains |normal |muscle |and |nerve |activity
-important |to |the |heart
hypermagnesemia
-causes: |renal |insufficiency
-s/s: |hypotension, |muscle |weakness, |decreased |DTRs, |respiratory |paralysis, |bradycardia, |
cardiac |arrest
, hypomagnesemia
-causes: |chronic |alcoholism
-s/s: |pos. |Trousseau's |and |Chvostek's |signs, |mood |changes, |hyperactive |DTRs, |muscle |cramps
calcium
-9-10.5
-regulated |by |parathyroid |hormone/calcitonin
-important |to |the |heart
hypercalcemia
-causes: |bone |trauma, |hyperparathyroidism, |hypophosphatemia
-s/s: |constipation, |anorexia, |nausea, |vomiting, |decreased |DTRs, |bone |pain, |kidney |stones
-treatment: |Etidronate
hypocalcemia
-causes: |decreased |parathyroid |functioning, |renal |failure/hyperphosphatemia
-s/s: |tetany, |pos. |Trousseau's |and |Chvostek's |signs, |seizures, |increased |DTRs, |decreased |
clotting |ability |and |bone |density, |arrhythmias |(prolonged |QT |interval), |circumoral |tingling
anemia
-s/s: |tachycardia, |dyspnea, |fatigue, |chest |pain, |feeling |cold, |muscle |cramping, |malaise, |pallor, |
low |BP, |SOB, |paleness, |yellow |skin/eyes, |weakness
Iron |Deficient |Anemia
-most |common |form |of |anemia
-s/s: |smooth |red |tongue, |brittle/ridged |nails, |and |angular |cheilosis
-oral |iron |for |6-12 |months |(take |on |empty |stomach, |constipation, |nausea/vomiting; |take |with |
vitamin |C |for |best |absorption)
Megaloblastic |Anemia
-deficiency |of |B12 |or |folate
-s/s: |smooth |red |sore |tongue, |pale |mucous |membranes, |pallor, |confusion, |paresthesia's, |
impaired |balance |and |coordination |(ataxia) |w/ |B12
-folic |acid |and |B12 |PO/IM
-shilling |test |w/ |B12 |deficiency
Sickle |Cell |Anemia
Correct Answers
Hypovolemia
-fluid |volume |deficit
-dehydration |so |IV |therapy |is |needed
-very |thirsty, |low |BP, |hypoxemia, |increased |temp, |pulse |(weak |and |thready), |RR, |thin, |dry |skin |
and |mucous |membranes, |decreased |urine |output, |dark |and |concentrated |urine, |altered |
mental |status
-causes: |hemorrhage, |shock, |severe |malnutrition, |burns, |third-space |shifting
Hypervolemia
-fluid |volume |excess
-diuretics |are |needed
-water |intoxication
-edema, |increased |BP, |pulse |(bounding), |RR, |weight, |and |urine |output; |JVD, |S3 |heart |sounds, |
crackles |in |lungs, |stretched |shiny |skin
-fluid |and |sodium |restriction
-causes: |over-hydration, |decreased |renal |function, |HF, |long-term |steroid |use
hypotonic
0.45% |NS
isotonic
0.9% |NS |(everything |else)
LR |(burns |and |surgery)
D5W |(cellular |energy)
hypertonic
D5LR, |D5NS
Cerebral |Edema
sodium
,---WATER |FOLLOWS |SODIUM---
-135-145
-regulated |by |aldosterone |and |kidneys
-important |to |the |brain
hypernatremia
-s/s: |thirst, |swollen |dry |tongue, |sticky |mucous |membranes, |restlessness, |irritability, |tachycardia
-thiazide |diuretic
hyponatremia
s/s: |nausea, |headache, |altered |mental |status, |muscle |cramps, |weakness, |twitching, |
hypotension
potassium
---POTASSIUM |FOLLOWS |GLUCOSE---
-3.5-5
-regulated |by |kidneys, |feces, |and |sweat
hyperkalemia
-causes: |metabolic |acidosis
-s/s: |acidosis, |dysrhythmias, |intestinal |cramping, |EKG |changes |(tall |tented |T |waves, |widened |
QRS)
-treatment: |Kayexalate
hypokalemia
-s/s: |alkalosis, |anorexia, |vomiting, |constipation, |leg |cramps, |EKG |changes |(U |waves, |ST |
depression)
magnesium
-1.3-2.1
-regulated |by |GI |and |renal |systems
-needed |for |carb |and |protein |metabolism
-maintains |normal |muscle |and |nerve |activity
-important |to |the |heart
hypermagnesemia
-causes: |renal |insufficiency
-s/s: |hypotension, |muscle |weakness, |decreased |DTRs, |respiratory |paralysis, |bradycardia, |
cardiac |arrest
, hypomagnesemia
-causes: |chronic |alcoholism
-s/s: |pos. |Trousseau's |and |Chvostek's |signs, |mood |changes, |hyperactive |DTRs, |muscle |cramps
calcium
-9-10.5
-regulated |by |parathyroid |hormone/calcitonin
-important |to |the |heart
hypercalcemia
-causes: |bone |trauma, |hyperparathyroidism, |hypophosphatemia
-s/s: |constipation, |anorexia, |nausea, |vomiting, |decreased |DTRs, |bone |pain, |kidney |stones
-treatment: |Etidronate
hypocalcemia
-causes: |decreased |parathyroid |functioning, |renal |failure/hyperphosphatemia
-s/s: |tetany, |pos. |Trousseau's |and |Chvostek's |signs, |seizures, |increased |DTRs, |decreased |
clotting |ability |and |bone |density, |arrhythmias |(prolonged |QT |interval), |circumoral |tingling
anemia
-s/s: |tachycardia, |dyspnea, |fatigue, |chest |pain, |feeling |cold, |muscle |cramping, |malaise, |pallor, |
low |BP, |SOB, |paleness, |yellow |skin/eyes, |weakness
Iron |Deficient |Anemia
-most |common |form |of |anemia
-s/s: |smooth |red |tongue, |brittle/ridged |nails, |and |angular |cheilosis
-oral |iron |for |6-12 |months |(take |on |empty |stomach, |constipation, |nausea/vomiting; |take |with |
vitamin |C |for |best |absorption)
Megaloblastic |Anemia
-deficiency |of |B12 |or |folate
-s/s: |smooth |red |sore |tongue, |pale |mucous |membranes, |pallor, |confusion, |paresthesia's, |
impaired |balance |and |coordination |(ataxia) |w/ |B12
-folic |acid |and |B12 |PO/IM
-shilling |test |w/ |B12 |deficiency
Sickle |Cell |Anemia
