Final Exam: NR507/ NR 507 (Latest 2026/ 2027
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology Review
Questions and Verified Answers | 100% Correct |
Grade A+ – Chamberlain
SECTION 1: Kidney Function & Anatomy
1. What are the two main functions of the kidney?
A. Filtration and secretion
B. Filtration and collection
C. Reabsorption and excretion
D. Diffusion and osmosis
Answer: B. Filtration and collection
2. Which anatomical structure is primarily responsible for transporting urine
from the kidney to the bladder?
A. Urethra
B. Ureter
C. Renal pelvis
D. Collecting duct
Answer: B. Ureter
3. The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration is the:
A. Glomerulus only
B. Nephron
C. Renal corpuscle
D. Loop of Henle
Answer: B. Nephron
,4. Blood enters the kidney through which structure?
A. Renal vein
B. Renal artery
C. Afferent arteriole
D. Efferent arteriole
Answer: B. Renal artery
5. Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for glucose
reabsorption?
A. Loop of Henle
B. Distal convoluted tubule
C. Proximal convoluted tubule
D. Collecting duct
Answer: C. Proximal convoluted tubule
6. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts primarily on which structure to increase
water reabsorption?
A. Proximal tubule
B. Loop of Henle
C. Collecting duct
D. Glomerulus
Answer: C. Collecting duct
7. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is primarily determined by:
A. Net filtration pressure
B. Blood glucose levels
C. Sodium concentration
D. Potassium levels
Answer: A. Net filtration pressure
,8. Which of the following correctly describes the order of blood flow through
the kidney?
A. Renal artery → efferent arteriole → glomerulus → afferent arteriole →
peritubular capillaries
B. Renal artery → afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent arteriole →
peritubular capillaries
C. Renal vein → afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent arteriole →
peritubular capillaries
D. Afferent arteriole → renal artery → glomerulus → efferent arteriole → vasa
recta
Answer: B. Renal artery → afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent
arteriole → peritubular capillaries
9. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated in response
to:
A. Increased blood pressure
B. Decreased renal perfusion
C. Increased sodium levels
D. Decreased potassium levels
Answer: B. Decreased renal perfusion
10. Which of the following is a normal finding in urine?
A. Glucose
B. Protein > 300 mg/day
C. Urobilinogen
D. Red blood cells
Answer: C. Urobilinogen
11. The loop of Henle is responsible for:
A. Filtration of plasma proteins
B. Countercurrent multiplication for urine concentration
C. Secretion of hydrogen ions
D. Reabsorption of glucose
, Answer: B. Countercurrent multiplication for urine concentration
12. Which hormone is produced by the kidney and stimulates red blood cell
production?
A. Renin
B. Erythropoietin
C. Calcitriol
D. Prostaglandin E2
Answer: B. Erythropoietin
13. The peritubular capillaries reabsorb approximately what percentage of
filtered sodium?
A. 25%
B. 50%
C. 65%
D. 85%
Answer: C. 65%
14. Which layer of the glomerular filtration barrier is most selective based on
charge?
A. Fenestrated endothelium
B. Glomerular basement membrane
C. Podocyte slit diaphragm
D. Bowman's capsule parietal layer
Answer: B. Glomerular basement membrane
15. A decrease in GFR would lead to:
A. Decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
B. Increased serum creatinine
C. Decreased potassium levels
D. Increased urine output
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology Review
Questions and Verified Answers | 100% Correct |
Grade A+ – Chamberlain
SECTION 1: Kidney Function & Anatomy
1. What are the two main functions of the kidney?
A. Filtration and secretion
B. Filtration and collection
C. Reabsorption and excretion
D. Diffusion and osmosis
Answer: B. Filtration and collection
2. Which anatomical structure is primarily responsible for transporting urine
from the kidney to the bladder?
A. Urethra
B. Ureter
C. Renal pelvis
D. Collecting duct
Answer: B. Ureter
3. The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration is the:
A. Glomerulus only
B. Nephron
C. Renal corpuscle
D. Loop of Henle
Answer: B. Nephron
,4. Blood enters the kidney through which structure?
A. Renal vein
B. Renal artery
C. Afferent arteriole
D. Efferent arteriole
Answer: B. Renal artery
5. Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for glucose
reabsorption?
A. Loop of Henle
B. Distal convoluted tubule
C. Proximal convoluted tubule
D. Collecting duct
Answer: C. Proximal convoluted tubule
6. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts primarily on which structure to increase
water reabsorption?
A. Proximal tubule
B. Loop of Henle
C. Collecting duct
D. Glomerulus
Answer: C. Collecting duct
7. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is primarily determined by:
A. Net filtration pressure
B. Blood glucose levels
C. Sodium concentration
D. Potassium levels
Answer: A. Net filtration pressure
,8. Which of the following correctly describes the order of blood flow through
the kidney?
A. Renal artery → efferent arteriole → glomerulus → afferent arteriole →
peritubular capillaries
B. Renal artery → afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent arteriole →
peritubular capillaries
C. Renal vein → afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent arteriole →
peritubular capillaries
D. Afferent arteriole → renal artery → glomerulus → efferent arteriole → vasa
recta
Answer: B. Renal artery → afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent
arteriole → peritubular capillaries
9. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated in response
to:
A. Increased blood pressure
B. Decreased renal perfusion
C. Increased sodium levels
D. Decreased potassium levels
Answer: B. Decreased renal perfusion
10. Which of the following is a normal finding in urine?
A. Glucose
B. Protein > 300 mg/day
C. Urobilinogen
D. Red blood cells
Answer: C. Urobilinogen
11. The loop of Henle is responsible for:
A. Filtration of plasma proteins
B. Countercurrent multiplication for urine concentration
C. Secretion of hydrogen ions
D. Reabsorption of glucose
, Answer: B. Countercurrent multiplication for urine concentration
12. Which hormone is produced by the kidney and stimulates red blood cell
production?
A. Renin
B. Erythropoietin
C. Calcitriol
D. Prostaglandin E2
Answer: B. Erythropoietin
13. The peritubular capillaries reabsorb approximately what percentage of
filtered sodium?
A. 25%
B. 50%
C. 65%
D. 85%
Answer: C. 65%
14. Which layer of the glomerular filtration barrier is most selective based on
charge?
A. Fenestrated endothelium
B. Glomerular basement membrane
C. Podocyte slit diaphragm
D. Bowman's capsule parietal layer
Answer: B. Glomerular basement membrane
15. A decrease in GFR would lead to:
A. Decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
B. Increased serum creatinine
C. Decreased potassium levels
D. Increased urine output
