PATH 370 - Final Exam | Actual Questions and verified
Answers complete Solutions | A+ Graded | 2026
Updates | 100% correct
Most common cause of cell injury and injures cells faster than hypoxia alone - ANSWER-
ischemia
What is most often caused by ischemia and causes power failure in the cell? - ANSWER-
tissue hypoxia
Ischemia: Cellular events lead to - ANSWER- lactic acidosis
What is the cellular injury characterized by the return of blood to ischemic tissues causing
oxygen derived free radicals and calcium overload, further damaging tissues? - ANSWER-
reperfusion injury
Mechanisms of radiation injury: - ANSWER- heat, radiolysis, free radicals
What cellular injury results from malfunction of sodium potassium pump with accumulation of
sodium ions within the cell? - ANSWER- hydropic swelling
What results from faulty metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, glycogen, and proteins? -
ANSWER- intracellular accumulations
What is the term when cells have the significant potential to transform into cancerous cells? -
ANSWER- preneoplastic lesions
What necrosis occurs from ischemic injury and ends with degradation of plasma membrane? -
ANSWER- coagulative
What necrosis occurs in lung tissue damaged by tuberculosis? - ANSWER- caseous
Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis. - ANSWER- liquefactive
What necrosis is usually a result of trauma or pancreatitis? - ANSWER- fat
Gangrene is the cellular death in a large area of - ANSWER- tissue
What gangrene results from infection of necrotic tissue by anaerobic bacteria (C. diff)? -
ANSWER- gas gangrene
,What occurs in response to injury that does not directly kill the cell? - ANSWER- apoptosis
In response to severe cell damage, ____ (usually low in the body), will ____ in response to
cellular DNA damage, triggering cell's own death - ANSWER- p53, increase
What indicates a malignant tumor? - ANSWER- -carcinoma, -sarcoma
Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as - ANSWER- carcinomas
Malignant neoplasms of mesenchymal origin are known as - ANSWER- sarcoma
Potential cancer-causing agent - ANSWER- carcinogen
Normal cellular genes that can be transformed into oncogenes by activating gain-of-function
mutations - ANSWER- proto-oncogenes
Oncogenes are - ANSWER- mutated proto-oncogenes
A gene whose protein products inhibit cell division, thereby preventing uncontrolled cell growth
(cancer) - ANSWER- tumor suppressor gene
Retroviruses thought to be causative factors in some human cancers: - ANSWER- HIV,
Epstein-Barr virus, Human T-lymphocyte virus type 1, Hep C
What are BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes? - ANSWER- breast cancer 1 and 2 genes - genetic
mutations associated with increased risk for breast cancer
Histologic characteristics of tumor cells, determination of degree of anaplasia - ANSWER-
grading
Greater degree of anaplasia indicates - ANSWER- aggressive malignancy
Procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread (location and pattern) - ANSWER-
staging
TNM system of staging: - ANSWER- T- tumor size (graded 1-4 where 4 is largest tumor)
N- nodal involvement (N0=absence and N1=presence)
M- metastasis
Bone marrow suppression contributes to - ANSWER- anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
Radiation kills tumor cells by damaging: - ANSWER- nuclear DNA
, After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will -
ANSWER- kill rapidly dividing cells
Immune response when immune system attacks own tissues - ANSWER- autoimmunity
_____ appear to increase risk of autoimmune disorders - ANSWER- MHC genes
Autoimmunity and hypersensitivity will eventually lead to - ANSWER- inflammation
Which hypersensitivity type reactions are antibody mediated?
Which are cell mediated? - ANSWER- Antibody: I, II, III
Cell: IV
Type 1 Hypersensitivity
Immune reactant:
Antigen form:
Mechanism of activation:
Examples: - ANSWER- Immune reactant: IgE
Form: Soluble antigen
Mechanism: Allergen-specific IgE antibodies bind to mast cells via their Fc receptor. When
specific allergen binds to IgE, cross-link of IgE induces degranulation of mast cells ~ contain
histamine
Examples: anaphylactic shock, food allergies, drug allergies
Type 2 Hypersensitivity
Immune reactant:
Antigen form:
Mechanism of activation:
Examples: - ANSWER- Immune reactant: IgG or IgM
Antigen form: Cell-bound
Mechanism of activation: IgG or IgM binds to cellular antigen -> complement activation and cell
lysis. IgG can also mediate cytotoxic reaction with cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, macrophage, and
neutrophils
Answers complete Solutions | A+ Graded | 2026
Updates | 100% correct
Most common cause of cell injury and injures cells faster than hypoxia alone - ANSWER-
ischemia
What is most often caused by ischemia and causes power failure in the cell? - ANSWER-
tissue hypoxia
Ischemia: Cellular events lead to - ANSWER- lactic acidosis
What is the cellular injury characterized by the return of blood to ischemic tissues causing
oxygen derived free radicals and calcium overload, further damaging tissues? - ANSWER-
reperfusion injury
Mechanisms of radiation injury: - ANSWER- heat, radiolysis, free radicals
What cellular injury results from malfunction of sodium potassium pump with accumulation of
sodium ions within the cell? - ANSWER- hydropic swelling
What results from faulty metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, glycogen, and proteins? -
ANSWER- intracellular accumulations
What is the term when cells have the significant potential to transform into cancerous cells? -
ANSWER- preneoplastic lesions
What necrosis occurs from ischemic injury and ends with degradation of plasma membrane? -
ANSWER- coagulative
What necrosis occurs in lung tissue damaged by tuberculosis? - ANSWER- caseous
Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis. - ANSWER- liquefactive
What necrosis is usually a result of trauma or pancreatitis? - ANSWER- fat
Gangrene is the cellular death in a large area of - ANSWER- tissue
What gangrene results from infection of necrotic tissue by anaerobic bacteria (C. diff)? -
ANSWER- gas gangrene
,What occurs in response to injury that does not directly kill the cell? - ANSWER- apoptosis
In response to severe cell damage, ____ (usually low in the body), will ____ in response to
cellular DNA damage, triggering cell's own death - ANSWER- p53, increase
What indicates a malignant tumor? - ANSWER- -carcinoma, -sarcoma
Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as - ANSWER- carcinomas
Malignant neoplasms of mesenchymal origin are known as - ANSWER- sarcoma
Potential cancer-causing agent - ANSWER- carcinogen
Normal cellular genes that can be transformed into oncogenes by activating gain-of-function
mutations - ANSWER- proto-oncogenes
Oncogenes are - ANSWER- mutated proto-oncogenes
A gene whose protein products inhibit cell division, thereby preventing uncontrolled cell growth
(cancer) - ANSWER- tumor suppressor gene
Retroviruses thought to be causative factors in some human cancers: - ANSWER- HIV,
Epstein-Barr virus, Human T-lymphocyte virus type 1, Hep C
What are BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes? - ANSWER- breast cancer 1 and 2 genes - genetic
mutations associated with increased risk for breast cancer
Histologic characteristics of tumor cells, determination of degree of anaplasia - ANSWER-
grading
Greater degree of anaplasia indicates - ANSWER- aggressive malignancy
Procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread (location and pattern) - ANSWER-
staging
TNM system of staging: - ANSWER- T- tumor size (graded 1-4 where 4 is largest tumor)
N- nodal involvement (N0=absence and N1=presence)
M- metastasis
Bone marrow suppression contributes to - ANSWER- anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
Radiation kills tumor cells by damaging: - ANSWER- nuclear DNA
, After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will -
ANSWER- kill rapidly dividing cells
Immune response when immune system attacks own tissues - ANSWER- autoimmunity
_____ appear to increase risk of autoimmune disorders - ANSWER- MHC genes
Autoimmunity and hypersensitivity will eventually lead to - ANSWER- inflammation
Which hypersensitivity type reactions are antibody mediated?
Which are cell mediated? - ANSWER- Antibody: I, II, III
Cell: IV
Type 1 Hypersensitivity
Immune reactant:
Antigen form:
Mechanism of activation:
Examples: - ANSWER- Immune reactant: IgE
Form: Soluble antigen
Mechanism: Allergen-specific IgE antibodies bind to mast cells via their Fc receptor. When
specific allergen binds to IgE, cross-link of IgE induces degranulation of mast cells ~ contain
histamine
Examples: anaphylactic shock, food allergies, drug allergies
Type 2 Hypersensitivity
Immune reactant:
Antigen form:
Mechanism of activation:
Examples: - ANSWER- Immune reactant: IgG or IgM
Antigen form: Cell-bound
Mechanism of activation: IgG or IgM binds to cellular antigen -> complement activation and cell
lysis. IgG can also mediate cytotoxic reaction with cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, macrophage, and
neutrophils
