BIO 3350 FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Engram - Answers - A means by which memory traces are stored in the brain in
response to external stimuli
Wisconsin Sorting Task - Answers - Measures set shifting or ability to display flexibility
while performing as the goal of the task changes
Problem-solving ability - Answers - Use recent information to change behaviour
Karl Lashley elusive engram conclusion - Answers - "Memory is not located in one
place" - studied ability of rats to navigate in mazes, and then made lesions to various
places in the rat's cerebral cortex and measured the effects of brain lesions on
performance in the maze, number of errors made in navigating the maze was
proportional to size of cortical lesion but not related to where in the cortex the lesions
were, memory not localized to any particular region of the cerebrum
Hebbian synapse - Answers - occurs when the successful stimulation of a cell by an
axon leads to the enhanced ability to stimulate that cell in the future
1. Activation of cell assembly by a stimulus
2. Reverberating activity continues activation after stimulus is removed
3. Hebbian modification strengthens the reciprocal connections between neurons that
are active at the same time
4. The strengthened connections of the cell assembly contain the ENGRAM for the
stimulus
5. After learning, partial activation of the assembly leads to the activation of the entire
representation of the stimulus
Where is declarative memory located? - Answers - hippocampus
Where is working memory located? - Answers - prefrontal cortex
Montreal procedure - Answers - created by penfield and jasper to treat epilepsy,
surgically destroyed the neurons in the brain that produced seizures, to determine which
cells to destroy, he stimulated various parts of the brain with electrical probes and
observed the results, create maps of the sensory and motor cortices
3 components of the hypothalamus - Answers - 1. Humoral response
2. Visceromoter response
3. Somatic motor response
What is feeding behavior? - Answers - An integrated activity of autonomous and
voluntary nervous systems informed by the sensory nervous system of external
environmental states.
, What region in the brain is primarily responsible for feeding behaviors? - Answers -
Hypothalamus
Lipostatic hypothesis (1953) - Answers - Brain monitors the amount of body fat and acts
to "defend" the energy store against perturbations like starvation or forced eating. AKA:
CNS monitors quantity of body fat
Short-term response - Answers - Regulate meal size and frequency
Long-term response - Answers - Maintain body fat reserves
How was leptin discovered? - Answers - Hypothesis: the products of obese and diabetic
genes are involved in the same hormonal signaling pathway; one encodes the hormone,
the other the receptor. The tested the hypothesis by stitching the circulatory systems of
two animals together (parabiosis); hormones from each animal are shared with the
other. When the obese and healthy mice were stitched together, the healthy one cured
the obese one. When the diabetic and healthy mice were stitched together, the healthy
one starves.
Does weight have a genetic component? - Answers - Shown from twin studies that
percentage of heritability of obesity ranges between 70 % to 80% - the only trait being
higher than obesity is your height
Leptin - Answers - - Afferent signal in negative feedback loop that maintains
homeostasis of fat tissue
- Circulates in the blood
- Acts on the brain to regulate food intake
Why do we learn? - Answers - Evolutionarily advantageous
H.M. study - Answers - he had part of his hippocamus and amygdala removed. after this
operation, he was unable to produce new memories. shows that the hippocampus is
directly involved with memory
procedural learning - Answers - Learning tasks that can be performed without attention
or concentration to the task; task is learned by forming movement habits (developing a
habit through repetitive practice)
What are two forms of non-associative learning? - Answers - habituation (learning to
ignore stimulus that lacks meaning) and sensitization (learning to intensify response to
stimuli)
What is a form of associative learning? - Answers - Classical Conditioning: pair an
unconditional stimulus (UC) with a conditional stimulus (CS) to get a conditioned
response (CR)
Engram - Answers - A means by which memory traces are stored in the brain in
response to external stimuli
Wisconsin Sorting Task - Answers - Measures set shifting or ability to display flexibility
while performing as the goal of the task changes
Problem-solving ability - Answers - Use recent information to change behaviour
Karl Lashley elusive engram conclusion - Answers - "Memory is not located in one
place" - studied ability of rats to navigate in mazes, and then made lesions to various
places in the rat's cerebral cortex and measured the effects of brain lesions on
performance in the maze, number of errors made in navigating the maze was
proportional to size of cortical lesion but not related to where in the cortex the lesions
were, memory not localized to any particular region of the cerebrum
Hebbian synapse - Answers - occurs when the successful stimulation of a cell by an
axon leads to the enhanced ability to stimulate that cell in the future
1. Activation of cell assembly by a stimulus
2. Reverberating activity continues activation after stimulus is removed
3. Hebbian modification strengthens the reciprocal connections between neurons that
are active at the same time
4. The strengthened connections of the cell assembly contain the ENGRAM for the
stimulus
5. After learning, partial activation of the assembly leads to the activation of the entire
representation of the stimulus
Where is declarative memory located? - Answers - hippocampus
Where is working memory located? - Answers - prefrontal cortex
Montreal procedure - Answers - created by penfield and jasper to treat epilepsy,
surgically destroyed the neurons in the brain that produced seizures, to determine which
cells to destroy, he stimulated various parts of the brain with electrical probes and
observed the results, create maps of the sensory and motor cortices
3 components of the hypothalamus - Answers - 1. Humoral response
2. Visceromoter response
3. Somatic motor response
What is feeding behavior? - Answers - An integrated activity of autonomous and
voluntary nervous systems informed by the sensory nervous system of external
environmental states.
, What region in the brain is primarily responsible for feeding behaviors? - Answers -
Hypothalamus
Lipostatic hypothesis (1953) - Answers - Brain monitors the amount of body fat and acts
to "defend" the energy store against perturbations like starvation or forced eating. AKA:
CNS monitors quantity of body fat
Short-term response - Answers - Regulate meal size and frequency
Long-term response - Answers - Maintain body fat reserves
How was leptin discovered? - Answers - Hypothesis: the products of obese and diabetic
genes are involved in the same hormonal signaling pathway; one encodes the hormone,
the other the receptor. The tested the hypothesis by stitching the circulatory systems of
two animals together (parabiosis); hormones from each animal are shared with the
other. When the obese and healthy mice were stitched together, the healthy one cured
the obese one. When the diabetic and healthy mice were stitched together, the healthy
one starves.
Does weight have a genetic component? - Answers - Shown from twin studies that
percentage of heritability of obesity ranges between 70 % to 80% - the only trait being
higher than obesity is your height
Leptin - Answers - - Afferent signal in negative feedback loop that maintains
homeostasis of fat tissue
- Circulates in the blood
- Acts on the brain to regulate food intake
Why do we learn? - Answers - Evolutionarily advantageous
H.M. study - Answers - he had part of his hippocamus and amygdala removed. after this
operation, he was unable to produce new memories. shows that the hippocampus is
directly involved with memory
procedural learning - Answers - Learning tasks that can be performed without attention
or concentration to the task; task is learned by forming movement habits (developing a
habit through repetitive practice)
What are two forms of non-associative learning? - Answers - habituation (learning to
ignore stimulus that lacks meaning) and sensitization (learning to intensify response to
stimuli)
What is a form of associative learning? - Answers - Classical Conditioning: pair an
unconditional stimulus (UC) with a conditional stimulus (CS) to get a conditioned
response (CR)
