MICR 4423 EXAM 5 2026 FINAL REVIEW PACK
COMPLETE QUESTION SET AND CORE
CONCEPT SUMMARY
◉ elements and ions that are macronutrients. Answer: N, C, H, O, P
and Mg2+, Fe2+, K+
◉ micronutrients. Answer: trace elements necessary for enzyme
function
◉ carbon source. Answer: autotroph and heterotroph
◉ autotroph. Answer: uses CO2 to self-feed
◉ heterotroph. Answer: obtains carbon in its organic form
◉ organic form. Answer: carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic
acid
◉ energy source. Answer: chemotroph and phototroph
◉ chemotroph. Answer: use organic molecules for energy
,◉ phototroph. Answer: use light energy source
◉ osmosis. Answer: diffusion of water from low concentration to
high concentration
◉ nutrient transport. Answer: nutrients are polar and need energy
and a carrier in order to be concentrated on the inside of the cell
◉ hypotonic solution. Answer: cell wall prevents lyse in some those
with; no cell wall the cell will swell and burst
◉ hypertonic solution. Answer: plasmolysis with cell wall; cells
without wall shrink and are distorted
◉ plasmolysis. Answer: membrane shrinks and pulls away from cell
wall
◉ microbes in fresh water (hypotonic environment). Answer:
contractile vacuole moves excess water out
◉ microbes in salt water (hypertonic environment). Answer: absorb
salt to make the inside environment of the cell isotonic with its
outside
, ◉ diffusion. Answer: movement of small non-polar particles from
areas of high concentration to low until reaching equilibrium
◉ facilitated diffusion. Answer: carrier proteins transport
hydrophilic molecules across membrane with concentration
gradient
◉ active transport. Answer: requiring energy to transport polar
molecules and macromolecules through transport protein
◉ carrier-mediated transport. Answer: pumped into and out of the
cell by specialized receptors
◉ group translocation. Answer: molecule moved across membrane
while simultaneously being converted into a useful substance in the
cell
◉ endocytosis. Answer: solid (phagocytosis) or liquid (pinocytosis)
taken into cell by engulfment into vesicle
◉ minimum temperature. Answer: lowest temperature before
microbe's activities are inhibited
COMPLETE QUESTION SET AND CORE
CONCEPT SUMMARY
◉ elements and ions that are macronutrients. Answer: N, C, H, O, P
and Mg2+, Fe2+, K+
◉ micronutrients. Answer: trace elements necessary for enzyme
function
◉ carbon source. Answer: autotroph and heterotroph
◉ autotroph. Answer: uses CO2 to self-feed
◉ heterotroph. Answer: obtains carbon in its organic form
◉ organic form. Answer: carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic
acid
◉ energy source. Answer: chemotroph and phototroph
◉ chemotroph. Answer: use organic molecules for energy
,◉ phototroph. Answer: use light energy source
◉ osmosis. Answer: diffusion of water from low concentration to
high concentration
◉ nutrient transport. Answer: nutrients are polar and need energy
and a carrier in order to be concentrated on the inside of the cell
◉ hypotonic solution. Answer: cell wall prevents lyse in some those
with; no cell wall the cell will swell and burst
◉ hypertonic solution. Answer: plasmolysis with cell wall; cells
without wall shrink and are distorted
◉ plasmolysis. Answer: membrane shrinks and pulls away from cell
wall
◉ microbes in fresh water (hypotonic environment). Answer:
contractile vacuole moves excess water out
◉ microbes in salt water (hypertonic environment). Answer: absorb
salt to make the inside environment of the cell isotonic with its
outside
, ◉ diffusion. Answer: movement of small non-polar particles from
areas of high concentration to low until reaching equilibrium
◉ facilitated diffusion. Answer: carrier proteins transport
hydrophilic molecules across membrane with concentration
gradient
◉ active transport. Answer: requiring energy to transport polar
molecules and macromolecules through transport protein
◉ carrier-mediated transport. Answer: pumped into and out of the
cell by specialized receptors
◉ group translocation. Answer: molecule moved across membrane
while simultaneously being converted into a useful substance in the
cell
◉ endocytosis. Answer: solid (phagocytosis) or liquid (pinocytosis)
taken into cell by engulfment into vesicle
◉ minimum temperature. Answer: lowest temperature before
microbe's activities are inhibited
