MSN 570 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL 2026 MOCK EXAM PRACTICE SET WITH
EXPLANATIONS A+
◉ Bladder cancer. Answer: cancerous tumor that arises from the
cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
◉ Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis. Answer: History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
◉ Hydronephrosis. Answer: An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis
and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a
disease.
◉ Polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Answer: inherited disease in
which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
,◉ Renal cell carcinoma. Answer: cancerous tumor that arises from
kidney tubule cells; most frequently occurring kidney cancer in
adults (most common in those 50-70 years of age).
◉ Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms. Answer: Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena
cava is affected, then manifestations can include edema, ascites, and
hepatic problems.
◉ Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer. Answer: Painless
hematuria that is gross (i.e., visible) or microscopic. The hematuria
is intermittent and occurs throughout all of micturition as opposed
to just the beginning.
Irritative symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria may be
present and occur due to detrusor overactivity, obstruction, or
decrease in bladder capacity.
Flank or abdominal pain (e.g., suprapubic) are usually signs of more
advanced cancer.
, Other general symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, or anorexia are
also manifestations of more advanced disease. Physical examination
findings may reveal the presence of a pelvic or abdominal mass (if
advanced) and prostate induration.
◉ Treatment for hydronephrosis. Answer: treat underlying cause
and facilitating urine flow will be necessary if UTIs develop.
◉ Wilms tumor, or nephroblastoma. Answer: a rare cancer of the
kidney that occurs in children from residual embryonic or fetal
tissue
◉ IgE. Answer: Immunoglobulin E. Antibody attached to mast cells
and basophils. Responds to parasites and triggers
allergic/inflammatory reactions to release histamine and heparin.
◉ IgM. Answer: First immunoglobulin formed in response to
antigen. Fights blood infections and triggers additional production
of IgG. Present in lymphocyte cells and the first antibody made by a
developing fetus.
◉ IgA. Answer: Found in membranes of the respiratory and
gastrointestinal tract, tears, saliva, mucus, and colostrum. Important
in local immunity.
FINAL 2026 MOCK EXAM PRACTICE SET WITH
EXPLANATIONS A+
◉ Bladder cancer. Answer: cancerous tumor that arises from the
cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
◉ Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis. Answer: History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
◉ Hydronephrosis. Answer: An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis
and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a
disease.
◉ Polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Answer: inherited disease in
which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
,◉ Renal cell carcinoma. Answer: cancerous tumor that arises from
kidney tubule cells; most frequently occurring kidney cancer in
adults (most common in those 50-70 years of age).
◉ Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms. Answer: Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena
cava is affected, then manifestations can include edema, ascites, and
hepatic problems.
◉ Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer. Answer: Painless
hematuria that is gross (i.e., visible) or microscopic. The hematuria
is intermittent and occurs throughout all of micturition as opposed
to just the beginning.
Irritative symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria may be
present and occur due to detrusor overactivity, obstruction, or
decrease in bladder capacity.
Flank or abdominal pain (e.g., suprapubic) are usually signs of more
advanced cancer.
, Other general symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, or anorexia are
also manifestations of more advanced disease. Physical examination
findings may reveal the presence of a pelvic or abdominal mass (if
advanced) and prostate induration.
◉ Treatment for hydronephrosis. Answer: treat underlying cause
and facilitating urine flow will be necessary if UTIs develop.
◉ Wilms tumor, or nephroblastoma. Answer: a rare cancer of the
kidney that occurs in children from residual embryonic or fetal
tissue
◉ IgE. Answer: Immunoglobulin E. Antibody attached to mast cells
and basophils. Responds to parasites and triggers
allergic/inflammatory reactions to release histamine and heparin.
◉ IgM. Answer: First immunoglobulin formed in response to
antigen. Fights blood infections and triggers additional production
of IgG. Present in lymphocyte cells and the first antibody made by a
developing fetus.
◉ IgA. Answer: Found in membranes of the respiratory and
gastrointestinal tract, tears, saliva, mucus, and colostrum. Important
in local immunity.
