NFDN 1002 PRACTICE 2026 EXAM
PREPARATION PACK KEY PATIENT CARE
PRINCIPLES AND SAMPLE QUESTIONS WITH
EXPLANATIONS
◉ signs and symptoms of fecal impaction. Answer: -no BM for many
days
-continuous oozing of diarrhea stool
◉ paralytic ileus. Answer: -obstruction of the intestine due to
paralysis of the intestinal muscles
-the paralysis does not need to be complete to cause ileus, but the
intestinal muscles must be so inactive that it prevents the passage of
food and leads to a functional blockage of the intestines
◉ Bristol stool chart. Answer: Medical aid to classify stool. Types 1
and 2 indicate constipation, Types 3 and 4 indicate ideal stools,
Types 5, 6 and 7 indicate diarrhea. Always look at your own stool. It
is important to know what your normal is and what should be
normal.
◉ interventions to promote elimination. Answer: -medications
(laxatives and cathartics)
,-diet
-physical activity
-bowel restraining
◉ purpose of enemas. Answer: instillation of fluid in the
rectum/sigmoid colon to promote defeacation by stimulating
peristalsis
◉ types of enemas. Answer: tap water
saline
hypertonic solutions
soapsuds
medicated enemas
oil retention
◉ urinary diversions. Answer: urinary stoma created to divert urine
from kidneys to abdominal wall
◉ indications of urinary diversions. Answer: cancer bladder
trauma
radiation injury to bladder
fistulas
,chronic cystitis
◉ ostomies. Answer: urostomy
ureterostomy
nephrostomy
vesicostomy
neobladder
knock pouch
ileostomy
colostomy
◉ assessment for oxygenation. Answer: respiratory assessment
(inspection, palpation, auscultation)
◉ oxygenation changes in older adults. Answer: -trachea and large
bronchi (enlarged)
-alveolis enlarged
-number functioning cilias
-result=decreased cough mechanism
-lung expansion
, ◉ popcorn lung from vaping. Answer: also known as bronchiolitis
obliterates
-damages your lungs smallest airways and makes you cough and feel
short of breath
-caused by chemical called diacetyl
◉ peak flow meter. Answer: -an inexpensive, portable, handheld
device for those with asthma that is used to measure how well air
moves out of your lungs
**important to manage asthma symptoms
-measures how fast the air comes out of your lungs when you exhale
forcefully after inhaling fully
◉ Sputum characteristics. Answer: 1- color (clear; white (smoker);
yellow or green (infection); brown (blood) red; streaked with blood
2-does the color change throughout the day
3-odour- none or foul
4-quantity-increased/decreased
5-consistency- frothy (pulmonary edema); watery; tenacious; thick
6-presence of blood (occasionally; early morning; bright or dark red;
blood tinged)
◉ Blue bloater- chronic bronchitis symptoms. Answer: -chronic,
productive cough
PREPARATION PACK KEY PATIENT CARE
PRINCIPLES AND SAMPLE QUESTIONS WITH
EXPLANATIONS
◉ signs and symptoms of fecal impaction. Answer: -no BM for many
days
-continuous oozing of diarrhea stool
◉ paralytic ileus. Answer: -obstruction of the intestine due to
paralysis of the intestinal muscles
-the paralysis does not need to be complete to cause ileus, but the
intestinal muscles must be so inactive that it prevents the passage of
food and leads to a functional blockage of the intestines
◉ Bristol stool chart. Answer: Medical aid to classify stool. Types 1
and 2 indicate constipation, Types 3 and 4 indicate ideal stools,
Types 5, 6 and 7 indicate diarrhea. Always look at your own stool. It
is important to know what your normal is and what should be
normal.
◉ interventions to promote elimination. Answer: -medications
(laxatives and cathartics)
,-diet
-physical activity
-bowel restraining
◉ purpose of enemas. Answer: instillation of fluid in the
rectum/sigmoid colon to promote defeacation by stimulating
peristalsis
◉ types of enemas. Answer: tap water
saline
hypertonic solutions
soapsuds
medicated enemas
oil retention
◉ urinary diversions. Answer: urinary stoma created to divert urine
from kidneys to abdominal wall
◉ indications of urinary diversions. Answer: cancer bladder
trauma
radiation injury to bladder
fistulas
,chronic cystitis
◉ ostomies. Answer: urostomy
ureterostomy
nephrostomy
vesicostomy
neobladder
knock pouch
ileostomy
colostomy
◉ assessment for oxygenation. Answer: respiratory assessment
(inspection, palpation, auscultation)
◉ oxygenation changes in older adults. Answer: -trachea and large
bronchi (enlarged)
-alveolis enlarged
-number functioning cilias
-result=decreased cough mechanism
-lung expansion
, ◉ popcorn lung from vaping. Answer: also known as bronchiolitis
obliterates
-damages your lungs smallest airways and makes you cough and feel
short of breath
-caused by chemical called diacetyl
◉ peak flow meter. Answer: -an inexpensive, portable, handheld
device for those with asthma that is used to measure how well air
moves out of your lungs
**important to manage asthma symptoms
-measures how fast the air comes out of your lungs when you exhale
forcefully after inhaling fully
◉ Sputum characteristics. Answer: 1- color (clear; white (smoker);
yellow or green (infection); brown (blood) red; streaked with blood
2-does the color change throughout the day
3-odour- none or foul
4-quantity-increased/decreased
5-consistency- frothy (pulmonary edema); watery; tenacious; thick
6-presence of blood (occasionally; early morning; bright or dark red;
blood tinged)
◉ Blue bloater- chronic bronchitis symptoms. Answer: -chronic,
productive cough
