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NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals 2026/2027
BANK QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS
/ EXAM QUESTIONS WILL COME FROM HERE (100%
CORRECT ANSWERS/ A+ GRADED
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWERS--The process by which drugs are
absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
Pharmacodynamics - ANSWERS--The study of what the drug does to
the body
Factors Affecting Drug Absorption - ANSWERS--Rate of dissolution
Surface area
Blood flow
Lipid solubility
pH partitioning
Factors Affecting Drug Distribution - ANSWERS--Blood flow to tissues
Ability to exit the vascular system
Blood-brain barrier
Protein-binding capacity
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Xenobiotics - ANSWERS--substances that are foreign to the body,
usually synthetic chemical compounds; medications are a common
example
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) - ANSWERS--xenobiotic-metabolizing
enzymes necessary for the production of cholesterol and steroids
and the detoxification of chemicals and drug metabolism.
Function of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) - ANSWERS--responsible for
phase 1 metabolism in which drugs are oxidized, reduced, or
hydrolyzed
Phase 1 Metabolism of Drugs via P450 - ANSWERS--Oxidation;
Reduction; Hydrolysis
Three possible outcomes of phase 1 drug metabolism. - ANSWERS---
Drug becomes completely inactive
-Drug becomes partially inactive but one or more metabolites remain
active
-Original drug is not pharmacologically active but one metabolite
remains active
CYP450 Inducers - ANSWERS--Medications that can increase the rate
of another drug's metabolism by elevating CYP450 enzyme activity
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via increasing enzyme synthesis. decreasing the concentration of the
"parent drug"
CYP450 Inducer Medications - ANSWERS--CRAPGPS
Carbamazepine
Rifampin
Alcohol
Phenytoin
Griseofulvin
Phenobarbital
Sulfonylureas
CYP450 Inhibitors - ANSWERS--Medications that inhibit the metabolic
activity of one or more of the CYP450 enzymes. Higher risk for
toxicity; prolongs the pharmacological effect of the "parent drug".
CYP450 Inhibitor Medications - ANSWERS--VISACKGQ
Valproate
Isoniazid
Sulfonamides
Amiodarone
Chloramphenicol
Ketoconazole
Grapefruit Juice
Quinidine
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Beers Criteria - ANSWERS---potentially Inappropriate Medication
(PIM) use in older adults
-potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) use in older adults due
to medication-disease or medication-syndrome interactions that may
exacerbate the disease or syndrome
-medications to be used cautiously in older adults
-clinically significant drug interactions that should be avoided in older
adults
-medications to be avoided or dosage decreased in the presence of
impaired kidney function in older adults
Pharmacokinetic Interactions - ANSWERS--when one medication
systemically alters the potency of another medication.
Absorption Interaction - ANSWERS--result of a change due to one
medication's effect on another medication's route of entry into the
body.
Distribution Interaction - ANSWERS--caused by the amount of
unbound/free medications available at the various target sites.
Metabolism Interaction - ANSWERS--concentration of the medication
after biotransformation into active and inactive metabolites in higher
or lower than expected.
NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals 2026/2027
BANK QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS
/ EXAM QUESTIONS WILL COME FROM HERE (100%
CORRECT ANSWERS/ A+ GRADED
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWERS--The process by which drugs are
absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
Pharmacodynamics - ANSWERS--The study of what the drug does to
the body
Factors Affecting Drug Absorption - ANSWERS--Rate of dissolution
Surface area
Blood flow
Lipid solubility
pH partitioning
Factors Affecting Drug Distribution - ANSWERS--Blood flow to tissues
Ability to exit the vascular system
Blood-brain barrier
Protein-binding capacity
,2|Page
Xenobiotics - ANSWERS--substances that are foreign to the body,
usually synthetic chemical compounds; medications are a common
example
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) - ANSWERS--xenobiotic-metabolizing
enzymes necessary for the production of cholesterol and steroids
and the detoxification of chemicals and drug metabolism.
Function of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) - ANSWERS--responsible for
phase 1 metabolism in which drugs are oxidized, reduced, or
hydrolyzed
Phase 1 Metabolism of Drugs via P450 - ANSWERS--Oxidation;
Reduction; Hydrolysis
Three possible outcomes of phase 1 drug metabolism. - ANSWERS---
Drug becomes completely inactive
-Drug becomes partially inactive but one or more metabolites remain
active
-Original drug is not pharmacologically active but one metabolite
remains active
CYP450 Inducers - ANSWERS--Medications that can increase the rate
of another drug's metabolism by elevating CYP450 enzyme activity
,3|Page
via increasing enzyme synthesis. decreasing the concentration of the
"parent drug"
CYP450 Inducer Medications - ANSWERS--CRAPGPS
Carbamazepine
Rifampin
Alcohol
Phenytoin
Griseofulvin
Phenobarbital
Sulfonylureas
CYP450 Inhibitors - ANSWERS--Medications that inhibit the metabolic
activity of one or more of the CYP450 enzymes. Higher risk for
toxicity; prolongs the pharmacological effect of the "parent drug".
CYP450 Inhibitor Medications - ANSWERS--VISACKGQ
Valproate
Isoniazid
Sulfonamides
Amiodarone
Chloramphenicol
Ketoconazole
Grapefruit Juice
Quinidine
, 4|Page
Beers Criteria - ANSWERS---potentially Inappropriate Medication
(PIM) use in older adults
-potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) use in older adults due
to medication-disease or medication-syndrome interactions that may
exacerbate the disease or syndrome
-medications to be used cautiously in older adults
-clinically significant drug interactions that should be avoided in older
adults
-medications to be avoided or dosage decreased in the presence of
impaired kidney function in older adults
Pharmacokinetic Interactions - ANSWERS--when one medication
systemically alters the potency of another medication.
Absorption Interaction - ANSWERS--result of a change due to one
medication's effect on another medication's route of entry into the
body.
Distribution Interaction - ANSWERS--caused by the amount of
unbound/free medications available at the various target sites.
Metabolism Interaction - ANSWERS--concentration of the medication
after biotransformation into active and inactive metabolites in higher
or lower than expected.
