Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1
Questions and Answers Latest Update
*Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology* - ANSWER-
Ratio - ANSWER-The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number
of times one value contains or is contained within the other.
Primary Prevention - ANSWER-Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for
susceptible persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
Secondary Prevention - ANSWER-Early detection, screening, and management of
disease
*Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER-Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and
restoring effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
Epidemiology - ANSWER-study of the patterns of disease involving populations;
examining the occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of
diseases in large groups of populations/people
Endemic - ANSWER-A disease theat is native to a local region
Epidemic - ANSWER-When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the same
time
(spread to many people at the same time)
Pandemic - ANSWER-Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps
spreading worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
*Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors* - ANSWER-
Homeostasis - ANSWER-A state of being in which all systems are in balance around a
articular ideal "set-point"
,Risk - ANSWER-Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a
stressor
Prevalence - ANSWER-A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's
likelihood of having a disease. Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the total
number of cases of disease existing in a population. A prevalence rate is the total
number of cases of a disease existing in a population divided by the total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
Incidence - ANSWER-A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's
probability of being diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time. Therefore,
incidence is the number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. An incidence rate is the
number of new cases of a disease divided by the number of persons at risk for the
disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
Exhausation - ANSWER-Point where body can no longer return to homeostasis
following a prolonged exposure to noxious agents
Allostatic Overload - ANSWER-"Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or
ineffectively regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
Adaptation - ANSWER-Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in response to
new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping
mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Arousal - ANSWER-Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures,
sensory stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
Function of Cortisol - ANSWER-Primary glucocorticoid
Affects protein metabolism
Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory effects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis
May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
*Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function* - ANSWER-
Endocrine Communication - ANSWER-Hormones traveling in the bloodstream
Long range signaling
, Neurocrine Communication - ANSWER-Neurons firing information through synapses
Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell
Paracrine Communcation - ANSWER-Signaling through the extraceullar fluid between
cells in a tissue
Localized areas of communication
Autocrine Communcation - ANSWER-Localized signaling in which the secreting cell is
also the target cell
Feedback to self
Describe an Action Potential - ANSWER-Rapid, self-propagating electrical excitations of
the membrane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell) and close
in response to voltage changes across the membrane
Triggered by membrane depolarization
Propagated by sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in adjacent
sections of membrane.
The action potential is regenerated in adjacent sections of membrane as more sodium
channels open. The initial segment repolarizes as sodium channels close and
potassium ions move out.
Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
*Na+* initiates the action potential
*Only cells with voltage-gated channels have action potentials (not nerve cells)*
Describe a Resting Action Potential - ANSWER-Electrical charge when there is no net
ion movement across plasma membrane
Major determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+]
This is dominated by potassium (K+)
Take Home Message About Action Potentials - ANSWER-Resting Membrane Potential
Dominated by K+
Upstroke of Action Potential --> Na+
Repolarization --> K+
In cardiac tissue, plateau --> Ca++
Depolarization - ANSWER-As the sodium rushes back into the cell the positive sodium
ions raise the charge inside the cell from negative to positive. Once the interior of the
cell becomes positively charged, depolarization of the cell is complete.
Questions and Answers Latest Update
*Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology* - ANSWER-
Ratio - ANSWER-The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number
of times one value contains or is contained within the other.
Primary Prevention - ANSWER-Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for
susceptible persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
Secondary Prevention - ANSWER-Early detection, screening, and management of
disease
*Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER-Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and
restoring effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
Epidemiology - ANSWER-study of the patterns of disease involving populations;
examining the occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of
diseases in large groups of populations/people
Endemic - ANSWER-A disease theat is native to a local region
Epidemic - ANSWER-When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the same
time
(spread to many people at the same time)
Pandemic - ANSWER-Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps
spreading worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
*Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors* - ANSWER-
Homeostasis - ANSWER-A state of being in which all systems are in balance around a
articular ideal "set-point"
,Risk - ANSWER-Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a
stressor
Prevalence - ANSWER-A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's
likelihood of having a disease. Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the total
number of cases of disease existing in a population. A prevalence rate is the total
number of cases of a disease existing in a population divided by the total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
Incidence - ANSWER-A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's
probability of being diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time. Therefore,
incidence is the number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. An incidence rate is the
number of new cases of a disease divided by the number of persons at risk for the
disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
Exhausation - ANSWER-Point where body can no longer return to homeostasis
following a prolonged exposure to noxious agents
Allostatic Overload - ANSWER-"Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or
ineffectively regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
Adaptation - ANSWER-Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in response to
new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping
mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Arousal - ANSWER-Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures,
sensory stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
Function of Cortisol - ANSWER-Primary glucocorticoid
Affects protein metabolism
Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory effects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis
May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
*Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function* - ANSWER-
Endocrine Communication - ANSWER-Hormones traveling in the bloodstream
Long range signaling
, Neurocrine Communication - ANSWER-Neurons firing information through synapses
Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell
Paracrine Communcation - ANSWER-Signaling through the extraceullar fluid between
cells in a tissue
Localized areas of communication
Autocrine Communcation - ANSWER-Localized signaling in which the secreting cell is
also the target cell
Feedback to self
Describe an Action Potential - ANSWER-Rapid, self-propagating electrical excitations of
the membrane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell) and close
in response to voltage changes across the membrane
Triggered by membrane depolarization
Propagated by sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in adjacent
sections of membrane.
The action potential is regenerated in adjacent sections of membrane as more sodium
channels open. The initial segment repolarizes as sodium channels close and
potassium ions move out.
Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
*Na+* initiates the action potential
*Only cells with voltage-gated channels have action potentials (not nerve cells)*
Describe a Resting Action Potential - ANSWER-Electrical charge when there is no net
ion movement across plasma membrane
Major determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+]
This is dominated by potassium (K+)
Take Home Message About Action Potentials - ANSWER-Resting Membrane Potential
Dominated by K+
Upstroke of Action Potential --> Na+
Repolarization --> K+
In cardiac tissue, plateau --> Ca++
Depolarization - ANSWER-As the sodium rushes back into the cell the positive sodium
ions raise the charge inside the cell from negative to positive. Once the interior of the
cell becomes positively charged, depolarization of the cell is complete.
