HIGH ACUITY NURSING 7TH EDITION
KATHLEEN DORMAN WAGNER ACTUAL
TEST PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ what is autoregulation?. Answer: the body's ability to maintain blood
flow at nearly normal levels despite marked changes in arterial pressure
⩥ normal ICP value. Answer: 0-15mmHg
⩥ if the ICP is over 40:. Answer: the brain cannot compensate with
autoregulation
⩥ normal MAP value. Answer: 70-100
⩥ if MAP is less than 60:. Answer: the body cannot maintain cerebral
blood flow
⩥ CPP=. Answer: MAP-ICP
⩥ normal CPP value. Answer: 70-100
,⩥ CPP less than 50 causes. Answer: tissue ischemia
⩥ CPP less than 30 causes. Answer: neuronal hypoxia and death
⩥ patho tree of IICP. Answer: cranial insult > tissue edema > IICP >
compression of blood vessels > decreased cerebral blood flow >
decreased oxygen with death of brain cells > edema around necrotic
tissue > IICP with compression of brainstem and respiratory system >
accumulation of CO2 > vasodilation > IICP from increase in blood
volume > death
⩥ vasogenic cerebral edema. Answer: -most common type
-result of leaky capillaries
-brain injury
⩥ cytotoxic cerebral edema. Answer: cells break open and leak contents
into cerebral tissue
⩥ interstitial cerebral edema. Answer: -increased CSF in pt with
uncontrolled hydrocephalus
-can also be cause by enlargement of extracellular space as a result of
systemic water excess
⩥ where can ICP catheters be inserted at?. Answer: -ventricles
, -subarachnoid space
-epidural space (least invasive because it does not cross the meninges;
less risk for infection)
-brain parenchymal tissue
-remember: inserting anything into the brain (like a catheter) is going to
increase ICP, so less invasive is better
⩥ where is the transducer leveled at?. Answer: foramen of Monro;
external reference point is the external auditory canal/tragus
⩥ zeroing the extraventricular drainage system. Answer: -qshift, when
reconnecting the monitor, and with position changes
-ensure transducer is level
-turn stopcock off to patient
-drop drain to 0cmH20
-zero on monitor
-return stopcock and drain to proper position based on orders
⩥ draining CSF with the extraventricular drainage system. Answer: -
drain is open to pt, off to transducer
-fluid will drain if ICP rises above level of drain
-turn stopcock to drain CSF in burrette bag q1hr
-record amount from chamber
KATHLEEN DORMAN WAGNER ACTUAL
TEST PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ what is autoregulation?. Answer: the body's ability to maintain blood
flow at nearly normal levels despite marked changes in arterial pressure
⩥ normal ICP value. Answer: 0-15mmHg
⩥ if the ICP is over 40:. Answer: the brain cannot compensate with
autoregulation
⩥ normal MAP value. Answer: 70-100
⩥ if MAP is less than 60:. Answer: the body cannot maintain cerebral
blood flow
⩥ CPP=. Answer: MAP-ICP
⩥ normal CPP value. Answer: 70-100
,⩥ CPP less than 50 causes. Answer: tissue ischemia
⩥ CPP less than 30 causes. Answer: neuronal hypoxia and death
⩥ patho tree of IICP. Answer: cranial insult > tissue edema > IICP >
compression of blood vessels > decreased cerebral blood flow >
decreased oxygen with death of brain cells > edema around necrotic
tissue > IICP with compression of brainstem and respiratory system >
accumulation of CO2 > vasodilation > IICP from increase in blood
volume > death
⩥ vasogenic cerebral edema. Answer: -most common type
-result of leaky capillaries
-brain injury
⩥ cytotoxic cerebral edema. Answer: cells break open and leak contents
into cerebral tissue
⩥ interstitial cerebral edema. Answer: -increased CSF in pt with
uncontrolled hydrocephalus
-can also be cause by enlargement of extracellular space as a result of
systemic water excess
⩥ where can ICP catheters be inserted at?. Answer: -ventricles
, -subarachnoid space
-epidural space (least invasive because it does not cross the meninges;
less risk for infection)
-brain parenchymal tissue
-remember: inserting anything into the brain (like a catheter) is going to
increase ICP, so less invasive is better
⩥ where is the transducer leveled at?. Answer: foramen of Monro;
external reference point is the external auditory canal/tragus
⩥ zeroing the extraventricular drainage system. Answer: -qshift, when
reconnecting the monitor, and with position changes
-ensure transducer is level
-turn stopcock off to patient
-drop drain to 0cmH20
-zero on monitor
-return stopcock and drain to proper position based on orders
⩥ draining CSF with the extraventricular drainage system. Answer: -
drain is open to pt, off to transducer
-fluid will drain if ICP rises above level of drain
-turn stopcock to drain CSF in burrette bag q1hr
-record amount from chamber
