NUR-641E ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND
PHARMACOLOGY FOR THE NURSE
EDUCATOR PRACTICE EXAMINATION 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ What is receptor desensitization?.
Answer: Decreased responsiveness of the receptor to the drug; decreased
overall effects
◍ What are a few possible consequences of drug metabolism?
A. Drug inactivation
B. Increased toxicity
C. Activation of prodrugs
D. Decreased effect.
Answer: All of the above
◍ What kind of drug is vancomycin?.
Answer: Glycopeptide antibiotic
◍ Antigens.
Answer: molecule/foreign particle found from a pathogen or irritant. Is the
target of and binds with antibodies.
◍ MHC- Major histocompatibility complex-group.
Answer: •In MHC 1 these genes are expressed on the cell surface and
present to CD 8 T Cells. MHC II are expressed on APCs and present the
antigens to the CD4 Helper T cells
◍ T/F: A pt has a GFR of 12. You notice a drug is renaly excreted. You can
, give the drug as is & monitor for sx..
Answer: False
◍ What is the PDMP?.
Answer: Prescription Drug Monitoring ProgramUsed to effectively track
patient's controlled substance uses across different health facilities (in the
same state)
◍ T/F: Free drug can enter the tissues.
Answer: True
◍ Quickest route of absorption? Slowest?.
Answer: IV = quickest IM = slowest
◍ Aneuploidy.
Answer: •Abnormal separation during cell division•Too many or too few
chromosomes
◍ Major side effect of Tetracyclines:.
Answer: Photosensitivity and teeth stains in kids
◍ T/F: A drug has a very wide T
I. You will want to closely monitor labs for drug level toxic items..
Answer: False
◍ Turner Syndrome.
Answer: •Deletion of part or all of X chromosomeClinical
manifestations•Affects only females•Affected individuals develop gonadal
streaks instead of ovariesTreatment•Female sex hormones
◍ Where will a drug absorb if it is a weak base that ionizes at a pH of 4 and
lower?.
Answer: In the small intestine (since the stomach has a pH of 2-4, so the
drug will become ionized and move to the small intestine where it will be
able to absorb into the bloodstream)
◍ T/F: Agonists are molecules that activate receptors.
Answer: True
,◍ How to prevent antibiotic resistance:.
Answer: -Don't prescribe for viral infections-Only prescribe when needed
-Use the right dose and duration (use guidelines)-Utilize cultures -Reassess
treatment regime after cultures come back (don't just use broad spectrum
drugs)-Only use prophylactic antibiotics when completely necessary
◍ Aging effects.
Answer: •Impaired inflammation is likely a result of chronic
illness•Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, etc.•Chronic medication intake
decreases the inflammatory response•Healing response is diminished due to
loss of the regenerative ability of the skin•Infections are more common in
the elderly
◍ What is the enzymatic alteration of drug structure w/in the body?
A. Absorption
B. Distribution
C. Metabolism
D. Elimination/excretion.
Answer: C. Metabolism
◍ IFN-gamma.
Answer: T Cells- innate and adaptive immunity, increases MHC 1 and 2
expression
◍ What is the purpose of a DEA #?.
Answer: Needed to prescribed scheduled drugs
◍ The following are ways that synergistic abx work together for an increased
effect
A. They decrease the effect of beta-lactamases
B. They work on different parts of the bacterial production style
C. They can increase the risk of an allergy & suprainfection
D. Decreasing the doses needed, decreasing potential toxicities.
Answer: A, B, D
◍ Klinefelter Syndrome.
, Answer: •One or more extra X chromosomes and at least one
YTreatment•Male hormone replacement therapy•Mastectomy (some cases)
◍ Internal Triggers of Inflammation.
Answer: PRR- pattern recognition receptors•Located on leukocytes (mast
cells, macrophages)•Start inflammatory processPAMPS•Pathogen
associated molecular patternsDAMPS•Damage associated molecular
patterns•Released when a cell is damaged or dies
◍ T/F: Carbapenems are an example of a narrow spectrum abx?.
Answer: False, broad spectrum abx
◍ Benign tumor naming.
Answer: •Are named according to the tissues from which they arise and
include the suffix, -oma.•Lipoma: Fat•Leiomyoma: Smooth muscle
◍ Epithelial Tissue.
Answer: •Lines outside and interior areas of the body•May be squamous,
cuboidal, or columnar
◍ While rational drug selection is based on the individual patient the aspect of
rational drug selection addressing disease-specific information by a national
medical or nursing organization is
A. a guideline
B. cost
C. availability
D. patient hepatic and renal function.
Answer: A. A guideline
◍ You are treating a patient who has been receiving an IM drug, but will
transition to the PO route upon discharge. What is responsible for the
increased dosage prescribed for the PO dose of this drug?
A. Passive diffusion
B. Glomerular filtration
C. Active transport
D. 1st pass effect.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND
PHARMACOLOGY FOR THE NURSE
EDUCATOR PRACTICE EXAMINATION 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ What is receptor desensitization?.
Answer: Decreased responsiveness of the receptor to the drug; decreased
overall effects
◍ What are a few possible consequences of drug metabolism?
A. Drug inactivation
B. Increased toxicity
C. Activation of prodrugs
D. Decreased effect.
Answer: All of the above
◍ What kind of drug is vancomycin?.
Answer: Glycopeptide antibiotic
◍ Antigens.
Answer: molecule/foreign particle found from a pathogen or irritant. Is the
target of and binds with antibodies.
◍ MHC- Major histocompatibility complex-group.
Answer: •In MHC 1 these genes are expressed on the cell surface and
present to CD 8 T Cells. MHC II are expressed on APCs and present the
antigens to the CD4 Helper T cells
◍ T/F: A pt has a GFR of 12. You notice a drug is renaly excreted. You can
, give the drug as is & monitor for sx..
Answer: False
◍ What is the PDMP?.
Answer: Prescription Drug Monitoring ProgramUsed to effectively track
patient's controlled substance uses across different health facilities (in the
same state)
◍ T/F: Free drug can enter the tissues.
Answer: True
◍ Quickest route of absorption? Slowest?.
Answer: IV = quickest IM = slowest
◍ Aneuploidy.
Answer: •Abnormal separation during cell division•Too many or too few
chromosomes
◍ Major side effect of Tetracyclines:.
Answer: Photosensitivity and teeth stains in kids
◍ T/F: A drug has a very wide T
I. You will want to closely monitor labs for drug level toxic items..
Answer: False
◍ Turner Syndrome.
Answer: •Deletion of part or all of X chromosomeClinical
manifestations•Affects only females•Affected individuals develop gonadal
streaks instead of ovariesTreatment•Female sex hormones
◍ Where will a drug absorb if it is a weak base that ionizes at a pH of 4 and
lower?.
Answer: In the small intestine (since the stomach has a pH of 2-4, so the
drug will become ionized and move to the small intestine where it will be
able to absorb into the bloodstream)
◍ T/F: Agonists are molecules that activate receptors.
Answer: True
,◍ How to prevent antibiotic resistance:.
Answer: -Don't prescribe for viral infections-Only prescribe when needed
-Use the right dose and duration (use guidelines)-Utilize cultures -Reassess
treatment regime after cultures come back (don't just use broad spectrum
drugs)-Only use prophylactic antibiotics when completely necessary
◍ Aging effects.
Answer: •Impaired inflammation is likely a result of chronic
illness•Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, etc.•Chronic medication intake
decreases the inflammatory response•Healing response is diminished due to
loss of the regenerative ability of the skin•Infections are more common in
the elderly
◍ What is the enzymatic alteration of drug structure w/in the body?
A. Absorption
B. Distribution
C. Metabolism
D. Elimination/excretion.
Answer: C. Metabolism
◍ IFN-gamma.
Answer: T Cells- innate and adaptive immunity, increases MHC 1 and 2
expression
◍ What is the purpose of a DEA #?.
Answer: Needed to prescribed scheduled drugs
◍ The following are ways that synergistic abx work together for an increased
effect
A. They decrease the effect of beta-lactamases
B. They work on different parts of the bacterial production style
C. They can increase the risk of an allergy & suprainfection
D. Decreasing the doses needed, decreasing potential toxicities.
Answer: A, B, D
◍ Klinefelter Syndrome.
, Answer: •One or more extra X chromosomes and at least one
YTreatment•Male hormone replacement therapy•Mastectomy (some cases)
◍ Internal Triggers of Inflammation.
Answer: PRR- pattern recognition receptors•Located on leukocytes (mast
cells, macrophages)•Start inflammatory processPAMPS•Pathogen
associated molecular patternsDAMPS•Damage associated molecular
patterns•Released when a cell is damaged or dies
◍ T/F: Carbapenems are an example of a narrow spectrum abx?.
Answer: False, broad spectrum abx
◍ Benign tumor naming.
Answer: •Are named according to the tissues from which they arise and
include the suffix, -oma.•Lipoma: Fat•Leiomyoma: Smooth muscle
◍ Epithelial Tissue.
Answer: •Lines outside and interior areas of the body•May be squamous,
cuboidal, or columnar
◍ While rational drug selection is based on the individual patient the aspect of
rational drug selection addressing disease-specific information by a national
medical or nursing organization is
A. a guideline
B. cost
C. availability
D. patient hepatic and renal function.
Answer: A. A guideline
◍ You are treating a patient who has been receiving an IM drug, but will
transition to the PO route upon discharge. What is responsible for the
increased dosage prescribed for the PO dose of this drug?
A. Passive diffusion
B. Glomerular filtration
C. Active transport
D. 1st pass effect.
