NUR1023C FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING
EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉what is the specific gravity level for urine. Answer: 1.003 - 1.030
◉who is most at risk for fluid imbalances?. Answer: infants and
older adults
◉diffusion. Answer: process whereby a solute may spread through a
solution or solvent
◉diffusion of a solute spreads the molecules from an area of.
Answer: higher concentration to lower concentration
◉permeable membrane. Answer: allows substances to to pass
through it w/o restriction
◉selectively membrane. Answer: allow some solutes to pass through
w/o restriction but prevents other solutes from passing freely
,◉solute. Answer: the substance that is dissolved
◉solvent. Answer: solution in which a solute is dissolved
◉osmosis. Answer: movement of solvent molecules across a
membrane in response to a concentration gradient
◉osmosis moves from a. Answer: lower to higher concentration
◉filtration. Answer: the movement of solvents and solutes by
hydrostatic pressure; usually from an area of higher pressure to
lower pressure
◉isotonic solutions. Answer: when the solutions on both sides of a
selectively permeable membrane have est. equilibrium or are equal
in concentration
◉hypotonic solutions. Answer: when a solution contains a lower
concentration of salt or solute than another more concentrated
solution
◉hypertonic solution. Answer: a solution that has a higher
concentration of solutes than another, less concentrated solution
, ◉the kidneys play a major role in. Answer: regulating fluid and
electrolytes balance and excrete the largest quantity of fluid
◉HYPOvolemia S/S. Answer: * cardiovascular: thready, INC pulse
rate, DEC BP, flat neck and hand veins, diminished peripheral pulses,
dysrhythmias
* respiratory: INC rate and depth, dyspnea
* neuromuscular: DEC central nervous system activity, from lethargy
to coma; fever, skeletal muscle weakness
* renal: DEC urine output
* Integumentary: dry skin, poor turgor = tenting, dry mouth
* GI: DEC motility and HYPOactive bowel sounds, constipation,
thirst, DEC body wt.
* lab findings: INC serum osmolality, INC hematocrit, INC BUN level,
INC serum sodium level, INC urinary specific gravity level
◉HYPERvolemia S/S. Answer: * cardiovascular: bounding, INC pulse
rate, INC BP, distended hand and neck veins, dysrhythmias
EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉what is the specific gravity level for urine. Answer: 1.003 - 1.030
◉who is most at risk for fluid imbalances?. Answer: infants and
older adults
◉diffusion. Answer: process whereby a solute may spread through a
solution or solvent
◉diffusion of a solute spreads the molecules from an area of.
Answer: higher concentration to lower concentration
◉permeable membrane. Answer: allows substances to to pass
through it w/o restriction
◉selectively membrane. Answer: allow some solutes to pass through
w/o restriction but prevents other solutes from passing freely
,◉solute. Answer: the substance that is dissolved
◉solvent. Answer: solution in which a solute is dissolved
◉osmosis. Answer: movement of solvent molecules across a
membrane in response to a concentration gradient
◉osmosis moves from a. Answer: lower to higher concentration
◉filtration. Answer: the movement of solvents and solutes by
hydrostatic pressure; usually from an area of higher pressure to
lower pressure
◉isotonic solutions. Answer: when the solutions on both sides of a
selectively permeable membrane have est. equilibrium or are equal
in concentration
◉hypotonic solutions. Answer: when a solution contains a lower
concentration of salt or solute than another more concentrated
solution
◉hypertonic solution. Answer: a solution that has a higher
concentration of solutes than another, less concentrated solution
, ◉the kidneys play a major role in. Answer: regulating fluid and
electrolytes balance and excrete the largest quantity of fluid
◉HYPOvolemia S/S. Answer: * cardiovascular: thready, INC pulse
rate, DEC BP, flat neck and hand veins, diminished peripheral pulses,
dysrhythmias
* respiratory: INC rate and depth, dyspnea
* neuromuscular: DEC central nervous system activity, from lethargy
to coma; fever, skeletal muscle weakness
* renal: DEC urine output
* Integumentary: dry skin, poor turgor = tenting, dry mouth
* GI: DEC motility and HYPOactive bowel sounds, constipation,
thirst, DEC body wt.
* lab findings: INC serum osmolality, INC hematocrit, INC BUN level,
INC serum sodium level, INC urinary specific gravity level
◉HYPERvolemia S/S. Answer: * cardiovascular: bounding, INC pulse
rate, INC BP, distended hand and neck veins, dysrhythmias
