PROGRESSIVE RENAL EDUCATION PROGRAM
PREP 2026 PRACTICE TEST QUESTIONS AND
DETAILED RENAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
BREAKDOWN FULL REVIEW
◉ Which intervention would be most beneficial in preventing a
catheter-associated urinary tract infection in a postoperative client?
1. Pouring warm water over the perineum
2. Ensuring the patency of the catheter
3. Removing the catheter within 24 hours
4. Cleaning the catheter insertion site Answer: 3. removing the
catheter within 24 hours.
Infections can be prevented by removing the catheter within 24
hours, if the client does not need it.
◉ The nurse observes a client with kidney failure has increased rate
and depth of breathing. Which laboratory parameter does the nurse
suspect is associated with this client's condition?
-Potassium 8 mEq/L
-Hemoglobin 10 g/dL
-Phosphorous 7 mg/dL
,-Bicarbonate 1 mEq/L Answer: -bicarbonate 15 mEq/L
an increased rate and depth of breathing is called kussmaul
respiration and occurs due to metabolic acidosis in clients with
kidney disease. The serum bicarbonate level decreases in metabolic
acidosis. normal range of serum bicarbonate is 20-30.
◉ A client is admitted to the hospital with severe flank pain, nausea,
and hematuria caused by a ureteral calculus. What should be the
nurse's initial intervention?
-strain all urine output
-increase oral fluids
-obtain urine specimen for culture
-administer the prescribed analgesic Answer: administer the
prescribed analgesic.
-Pain of renal colic may be excruciating; unless relief is obtained, the
client will be unable to cooperate with other therapy.
◉ A nurse educates the client about the relationship between the
kidneys and blood pressure. Which term should the nurse use to
describe the part of the kidney that senses changes in blood
pressure? Answer: macula densa-
the macula densa is a part of the distal convoluted tubule and
consists of cells that sense changes in the volume and pressure of
blood calices are cup-like structures, present at the end of each
papilla that collect urine.
,◉ describe the glomerulus Answer: is the initial part of the nephron,
which filters blood to make urine
◉ describe juxtaglomerular cells Answer: secret renin, renin is
produced when sensing cells in the macula densa sense changes in
blood volume and pressure
◉ Which hormone is released in response to low serum levels of
calcium? Answer: Parathyroid hormone
-If serum calcium levels decline, the parathyroid gland releases
parathyroid hormone to maintain calcium homeostasis
◉ renin Answer: a hormone released in response to decreased renal
perfusion. this hormone is responsible for regulating blood pressure.
◉ erythropoietin Answer: released by the kidneys in response to
poor blood flow to the kidneys; it stimulates the production of red
blood cells.
◉ What instruction regarding sample collection should the nurse
give a client who is ordered a clean-catch urine specimen? Answer:
urinate small amount, stop flow, fill half of cup.
, ◉ A client has a kidney transplant. The nurse should monitor for
which assessment findings associated with rejection of the
transplant? Select all that apply.
-fever
-oliguria
-jaundice
-polydipsia
-weight gain Answer: fever, oliguria, and weight gain.
-Fever is a characteristic of the systemic inflammatory response to
the antigen (transplanted kidney). Oliguria or anuria occurs when
the transplanted kidney is rejected and fails to function. Weight gain
can occur from fluid retention when the transplanted kidney fails to
function or as a result of steroid therapy; this response must be
assessed further.
◉ A client is diagnosed with condyloma acuminatum. Which finding
in the client supports the diagnosis? Answer: genital warts.
-moist, fleshy projectionson the penis
◉ Tests reveal that a client has phosphatic renal calculi. The nurse
teaches the client that the diet may include which food item?
Answer: apples- low in phosphate,
fresh fruit is low in phosphorus. Chocolate contains more phosphate
than apples. Rye bread contains more phosphate than apples.
PREP 2026 PRACTICE TEST QUESTIONS AND
DETAILED RENAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
BREAKDOWN FULL REVIEW
◉ Which intervention would be most beneficial in preventing a
catheter-associated urinary tract infection in a postoperative client?
1. Pouring warm water over the perineum
2. Ensuring the patency of the catheter
3. Removing the catheter within 24 hours
4. Cleaning the catheter insertion site Answer: 3. removing the
catheter within 24 hours.
Infections can be prevented by removing the catheter within 24
hours, if the client does not need it.
◉ The nurse observes a client with kidney failure has increased rate
and depth of breathing. Which laboratory parameter does the nurse
suspect is associated with this client's condition?
-Potassium 8 mEq/L
-Hemoglobin 10 g/dL
-Phosphorous 7 mg/dL
,-Bicarbonate 1 mEq/L Answer: -bicarbonate 15 mEq/L
an increased rate and depth of breathing is called kussmaul
respiration and occurs due to metabolic acidosis in clients with
kidney disease. The serum bicarbonate level decreases in metabolic
acidosis. normal range of serum bicarbonate is 20-30.
◉ A client is admitted to the hospital with severe flank pain, nausea,
and hematuria caused by a ureteral calculus. What should be the
nurse's initial intervention?
-strain all urine output
-increase oral fluids
-obtain urine specimen for culture
-administer the prescribed analgesic Answer: administer the
prescribed analgesic.
-Pain of renal colic may be excruciating; unless relief is obtained, the
client will be unable to cooperate with other therapy.
◉ A nurse educates the client about the relationship between the
kidneys and blood pressure. Which term should the nurse use to
describe the part of the kidney that senses changes in blood
pressure? Answer: macula densa-
the macula densa is a part of the distal convoluted tubule and
consists of cells that sense changes in the volume and pressure of
blood calices are cup-like structures, present at the end of each
papilla that collect urine.
,◉ describe the glomerulus Answer: is the initial part of the nephron,
which filters blood to make urine
◉ describe juxtaglomerular cells Answer: secret renin, renin is
produced when sensing cells in the macula densa sense changes in
blood volume and pressure
◉ Which hormone is released in response to low serum levels of
calcium? Answer: Parathyroid hormone
-If serum calcium levels decline, the parathyroid gland releases
parathyroid hormone to maintain calcium homeostasis
◉ renin Answer: a hormone released in response to decreased renal
perfusion. this hormone is responsible for regulating blood pressure.
◉ erythropoietin Answer: released by the kidneys in response to
poor blood flow to the kidneys; it stimulates the production of red
blood cells.
◉ What instruction regarding sample collection should the nurse
give a client who is ordered a clean-catch urine specimen? Answer:
urinate small amount, stop flow, fill half of cup.
, ◉ A client has a kidney transplant. The nurse should monitor for
which assessment findings associated with rejection of the
transplant? Select all that apply.
-fever
-oliguria
-jaundice
-polydipsia
-weight gain Answer: fever, oliguria, and weight gain.
-Fever is a characteristic of the systemic inflammatory response to
the antigen (transplanted kidney). Oliguria or anuria occurs when
the transplanted kidney is rejected and fails to function. Weight gain
can occur from fluid retention when the transplanted kidney fails to
function or as a result of steroid therapy; this response must be
assessed further.
◉ A client is diagnosed with condyloma acuminatum. Which finding
in the client supports the diagnosis? Answer: genital warts.
-moist, fleshy projectionson the penis
◉ Tests reveal that a client has phosphatic renal calculi. The nurse
teaches the client that the diet may include which food item?
Answer: apples- low in phosphate,
fresh fruit is low in phosphorus. Chocolate contains more phosphate
than apples. Rye bread contains more phosphate than apples.
