PROGRESSIVE RENAL EDUCATION PROGRAM
PREP 2026 REVISION NOTES AND STRUCTURED
NEPHROLOGY OVERVIEW GUIDE
◉ which hormone influences kidney function? Answer: aldosterone
-Released from the adrenal cortex, aldosterone influences kidney
function.
◉ kidney hormones Answer: renin, bradykinin, and erythropoietin
◉ Which statement is true regarding the functions of kidney
hormones? Answer: renin raises blood pressure because of
angiotensin and aldosterone secretion
◉ A student nurse is caring for a client with chronic kidney failure
who is to be treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
(CAPD). Which statement by the student nurse indicates to the
primary nurse that the student nurse understands the purpose of
this therapy? Answer: It uses the peritoneum as a semipermeable
membrane to clear toxins by osmosis and diffusion.
-Diffusion [1] [2] moves particles from an area of greater
concentration to an area of lesser concentration; osmosis moves
fluid from an area of lesser to an area of greater concentration of
,particles, thereby removing waste products into the dialysate, which
is then drained from the abdomen.
◉ what is the action of vasopressin? Answer: reabsorbs water into
the capillaries.
-Vasopressin is also known as an antidiuretic hormone (ADH). It
helps in the reabsorption of water into the capillaries. Aldosterone
promotes sodium reabsorption. Natriuretic hormones promote
tubular secretion of sodium. Erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow
to make red blood cells (RBCs).
◉ What are the functions of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? Select all
that apply.
1. Controlling calcium balance
2. Increasing arteriole constriction
3. Increasing tubular permeability to water
4. Stimulating the bone marrow to make red blood cells
5. Promoting the reabsorption of sodium in the distal convoluted
tubule (DCT) Answer: increasing arteriole constriction, and
increasing tubular permeability to water.
-Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, is a
hormone released from the posterior pituitary gland. ADH increases
arteriole constriction and tubular permeability to water. Calcium
balance is controlled by blood levels of calcitonin and the
parathyroid hormone (PTH). Erythropoietin stimulates the bone
,marrow to make red blood cells. Aldosterone promotes the
reabsorption of sodium in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
◉ Which test helps to identify fibroids, tumors, and fistulas while
performing a reproductive tract examination? Answer:
hysterosalpingography
-A hysterosalpingogram is an X-ray used to evaluate tubal anatomy
and patency and used to identify uterine problems such as fibroids,
tumors, and fistulas.
◉ When assessing a client during peritoneal dialysis, a nurse
observes that drainage of the dialysate from the peritoneal cavity
has ceased before the required volume has returned. What should
the nurse instruct the client to do?
-Drink a glass of water
-Turn from side to side
-Deep breathe and cough
-Rotate the catheter periodically Answer: turn from side to side
-Turning from side to side will change the position of the catheter,
thereby freeing the drainage holes of the tubing, which may be
obstructed.
, ◉ A client is diagnosed as having invasive cancer of the bladder, and
brachytherapy is scheduled. What should the nurse expect the client
to demonstrate that indicates success of this therapy?
-decrease in urine output
-increase in pulse strength
-shrinkage of the tumor on scanning
-increase in the quantity of WBC Answer: -shrinkage of the tumor on
scanning
Brachytherapy, in which isotope seeds are implanted in the tumor,
interferes with cell multiplication, which should control the growth
and metastasis of cancerous tumors.
◉ Diagnostic tests used to measure kidney size of a client w/ kidney
dysfunction? Select all that apply.a. cystoscopyb. cystographyc.
radiographyd. cystourethrographye. computed tomography (CT)
Answer: A radiography and a computed tomography (CT) are
diagnostic tests used to measure kidney size in clients with kidney
dysfunction. A cystoscopy is used to identify abnormalities of the
bladder wall in clients with kidney dysfunction. A cystography and a
cystourethrography are used to examine the structure of the urethra
and to detect backward flow of urine.
◉ A healthcare provider schedules a paracentesis for a client with
ascites. What should the nurse include in the client's teaching plan?1
Maintaining a supine position during the procedure2 Consuming a
diet low in fat for three days before the procedure3 Emptying the
PREP 2026 REVISION NOTES AND STRUCTURED
NEPHROLOGY OVERVIEW GUIDE
◉ which hormone influences kidney function? Answer: aldosterone
-Released from the adrenal cortex, aldosterone influences kidney
function.
◉ kidney hormones Answer: renin, bradykinin, and erythropoietin
◉ Which statement is true regarding the functions of kidney
hormones? Answer: renin raises blood pressure because of
angiotensin and aldosterone secretion
◉ A student nurse is caring for a client with chronic kidney failure
who is to be treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
(CAPD). Which statement by the student nurse indicates to the
primary nurse that the student nurse understands the purpose of
this therapy? Answer: It uses the peritoneum as a semipermeable
membrane to clear toxins by osmosis and diffusion.
-Diffusion [1] [2] moves particles from an area of greater
concentration to an area of lesser concentration; osmosis moves
fluid from an area of lesser to an area of greater concentration of
,particles, thereby removing waste products into the dialysate, which
is then drained from the abdomen.
◉ what is the action of vasopressin? Answer: reabsorbs water into
the capillaries.
-Vasopressin is also known as an antidiuretic hormone (ADH). It
helps in the reabsorption of water into the capillaries. Aldosterone
promotes sodium reabsorption. Natriuretic hormones promote
tubular secretion of sodium. Erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow
to make red blood cells (RBCs).
◉ What are the functions of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? Select all
that apply.
1. Controlling calcium balance
2. Increasing arteriole constriction
3. Increasing tubular permeability to water
4. Stimulating the bone marrow to make red blood cells
5. Promoting the reabsorption of sodium in the distal convoluted
tubule (DCT) Answer: increasing arteriole constriction, and
increasing tubular permeability to water.
-Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, is a
hormone released from the posterior pituitary gland. ADH increases
arteriole constriction and tubular permeability to water. Calcium
balance is controlled by blood levels of calcitonin and the
parathyroid hormone (PTH). Erythropoietin stimulates the bone
,marrow to make red blood cells. Aldosterone promotes the
reabsorption of sodium in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
◉ Which test helps to identify fibroids, tumors, and fistulas while
performing a reproductive tract examination? Answer:
hysterosalpingography
-A hysterosalpingogram is an X-ray used to evaluate tubal anatomy
and patency and used to identify uterine problems such as fibroids,
tumors, and fistulas.
◉ When assessing a client during peritoneal dialysis, a nurse
observes that drainage of the dialysate from the peritoneal cavity
has ceased before the required volume has returned. What should
the nurse instruct the client to do?
-Drink a glass of water
-Turn from side to side
-Deep breathe and cough
-Rotate the catheter periodically Answer: turn from side to side
-Turning from side to side will change the position of the catheter,
thereby freeing the drainage holes of the tubing, which may be
obstructed.
, ◉ A client is diagnosed as having invasive cancer of the bladder, and
brachytherapy is scheduled. What should the nurse expect the client
to demonstrate that indicates success of this therapy?
-decrease in urine output
-increase in pulse strength
-shrinkage of the tumor on scanning
-increase in the quantity of WBC Answer: -shrinkage of the tumor on
scanning
Brachytherapy, in which isotope seeds are implanted in the tumor,
interferes with cell multiplication, which should control the growth
and metastasis of cancerous tumors.
◉ Diagnostic tests used to measure kidney size of a client w/ kidney
dysfunction? Select all that apply.a. cystoscopyb. cystographyc.
radiographyd. cystourethrographye. computed tomography (CT)
Answer: A radiography and a computed tomography (CT) are
diagnostic tests used to measure kidney size in clients with kidney
dysfunction. A cystoscopy is used to identify abnormalities of the
bladder wall in clients with kidney dysfunction. A cystography and a
cystourethrography are used to examine the structure of the urethra
and to detect backward flow of urine.
◉ A healthcare provider schedules a paracentesis for a client with
ascites. What should the nurse include in the client's teaching plan?1
Maintaining a supine position during the procedure2 Consuming a
diet low in fat for three days before the procedure3 Emptying the
