BIOLOGY 1010 LATEST 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔chiasma - ✔✔(plural, chiasmata) The microscopically visible site where crossing
over has occurred between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I
of meiosis.
✔✔radiation therapy - ✔✔Treatment for cancer in which parts of the body that have
cancerous tumors are exposed to high-energy radiation to disrupt cell division of the
cancer cells.
✔✔metastasis - ✔✔The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site.
✔✔haploid - ✔✔Containing a single set of chromosomes; referring to an n cell.
✔✔cell plate - ✔✔A membranous disk that forms across the midline of a dividing plant
cell. During cytokinesis, the cell plate grows outward, accumulating more cell wall
material and eventually fusing into a new cell wall.
✔✔mitotic (M) phase - ✔✔The phase of the cell cycle when mitosis divides the nucleus
and distributes its chromosomes to the daughter nuclei and cytokinesis divides the
cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells.
✔✔metaphase - ✔✔The second stage of mitosis. During metaphase, the centromeres
of all the cell's duplicated chromosomes are lined up on an imaginary plate equidistant
between the poles of the mitotic spindle.
✔✔crossing over - ✔✔The exchange of segments between chromatids of homologous
chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.
✔✔dihybrid cross - ✔✔A mating of individuals differing at two genetic loci.
✔✔monohybrid cross - ✔✔A mating of individuals differing at one genetic locus.
✔✔hypercholesterolemia - ✔✔An inherited human disease characterized by an
excessively high level of cholesterol in the blood.
✔✔pedigree - ✔✔A family tree representing the occurrence of heritable traits in parents
and offspring across a number of generations.
✔✔testcross - ✔✔The mating between an individual of unknown genotype for a
particular character and an individual that is homozygous recessive for that same
character.
, ✔✔cross - ✔✔The cross-fertilization of two different varieties of an organism or two
different species; also called hybridization.
✔✔heterozygous - ✔✔Having two different alleles for a given gene.
✔✔sex-linked gene - ✔✔A gene located on a sex chromosome.
✔✔linkage map - ✔✔A map of a chromosome showing the relative positions of genes.
✔✔character - ✔✔A heritable feature that varies among individuals within a population,
such as flower color in pea plants.
✔✔homozygous - ✔✔Having two identical alleles for a given name.
✔✔chromosome theory of inheritance - ✔✔A basic principle in biology stating that
genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during
meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.
✔✔achondroplasia - ✔✔A form of human dwarfism caused by a single dominant allele.
The homozygous condition is lethal.
✔✔F2 generation - ✔✔The offspring of the F1 generation. F2 stands for second filial.
✔✔Punnett square - ✔✔A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the results
of random fertilization.
✔✔polygenic inheritance - ✔✔The additive effect of two or more genes on a single
phenotypic characteristic.
✔✔trait - ✔✔A variant of a character found within a population, such as purple flowers in
pea plants.
✔✔codominance - ✔✔The expression of two different alleles of a gene in a
heterozygote.
✔✔pleiotropy - ✔✔The control of more than one phenotypic character by a single gene.
✔✔ABO blood groups - ✔✔Genetically determined classes of human blood that are
based on the presence or absence of carbohydrates A and B on the surface of red
blood cells. The ABO blood group phenotypes, also called blood types, are A, B, AB,
and O.
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔chiasma - ✔✔(plural, chiasmata) The microscopically visible site where crossing
over has occurred between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I
of meiosis.
✔✔radiation therapy - ✔✔Treatment for cancer in which parts of the body that have
cancerous tumors are exposed to high-energy radiation to disrupt cell division of the
cancer cells.
✔✔metastasis - ✔✔The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site.
✔✔haploid - ✔✔Containing a single set of chromosomes; referring to an n cell.
✔✔cell plate - ✔✔A membranous disk that forms across the midline of a dividing plant
cell. During cytokinesis, the cell plate grows outward, accumulating more cell wall
material and eventually fusing into a new cell wall.
✔✔mitotic (M) phase - ✔✔The phase of the cell cycle when mitosis divides the nucleus
and distributes its chromosomes to the daughter nuclei and cytokinesis divides the
cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells.
✔✔metaphase - ✔✔The second stage of mitosis. During metaphase, the centromeres
of all the cell's duplicated chromosomes are lined up on an imaginary plate equidistant
between the poles of the mitotic spindle.
✔✔crossing over - ✔✔The exchange of segments between chromatids of homologous
chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.
✔✔dihybrid cross - ✔✔A mating of individuals differing at two genetic loci.
✔✔monohybrid cross - ✔✔A mating of individuals differing at one genetic locus.
✔✔hypercholesterolemia - ✔✔An inherited human disease characterized by an
excessively high level of cholesterol in the blood.
✔✔pedigree - ✔✔A family tree representing the occurrence of heritable traits in parents
and offspring across a number of generations.
✔✔testcross - ✔✔The mating between an individual of unknown genotype for a
particular character and an individual that is homozygous recessive for that same
character.
, ✔✔cross - ✔✔The cross-fertilization of two different varieties of an organism or two
different species; also called hybridization.
✔✔heterozygous - ✔✔Having two different alleles for a given gene.
✔✔sex-linked gene - ✔✔A gene located on a sex chromosome.
✔✔linkage map - ✔✔A map of a chromosome showing the relative positions of genes.
✔✔character - ✔✔A heritable feature that varies among individuals within a population,
such as flower color in pea plants.
✔✔homozygous - ✔✔Having two identical alleles for a given name.
✔✔chromosome theory of inheritance - ✔✔A basic principle in biology stating that
genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during
meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.
✔✔achondroplasia - ✔✔A form of human dwarfism caused by a single dominant allele.
The homozygous condition is lethal.
✔✔F2 generation - ✔✔The offspring of the F1 generation. F2 stands for second filial.
✔✔Punnett square - ✔✔A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the results
of random fertilization.
✔✔polygenic inheritance - ✔✔The additive effect of two or more genes on a single
phenotypic characteristic.
✔✔trait - ✔✔A variant of a character found within a population, such as purple flowers in
pea plants.
✔✔codominance - ✔✔The expression of two different alleles of a gene in a
heterozygote.
✔✔pleiotropy - ✔✔The control of more than one phenotypic character by a single gene.
✔✔ABO blood groups - ✔✔Genetically determined classes of human blood that are
based on the presence or absence of carbohydrates A and B on the surface of red
blood cells. The ABO blood group phenotypes, also called blood types, are A, B, AB,
and O.
