BIOLOGY 1010 EVALUATION 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔fermentation - ✔✔The anaerobic harvest of food by some cells.
✔✔ATP synthase - ✔✔A protein cluster, found in a cellular membrane (including the
inner membrane of mitochondria, the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, and the
plasma membrane of prokaryotes), that uses the energy of a hydrogen ion
concentration gradient to make ATP from ADP. An ATP synthase provides a port
through which hydrogen ions (H1) diffuse.
✔✔oxidation - ✔✔The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction;
always accompanies reduction.
✔✔glycolysis - ✔✔The multistep chemical breakdown of a molecule of glucose into two
molecules of pyruvic acid; the first stage of cellular respiration in all organisms; occurs
in the cytoplasmic fluid.
✔✔NADH - ✔✔An electron carrier (a molecule that carries electrons) involved in cellular
respiration and photosynthesis. NADH carries electrons from glucose and other fuel
molecules and deposits them at the top of an electron transport chain. NADH is
generated during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
✔✔photon - ✔✔A fixed quantity of light energy. The shorter the wavelength of light, the
greater the energy of a photon.
✔✔NADPH - ✔✔An electron carrier (a molecule that carries electrons) involved in
photosynthesis. Light drives electrons from chlorophyll to NADP1, forming NADPH,
which provides the high-energy electrons for the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugar in
the Calvin cycle.
✔✔stroma - ✔✔A thick fluid enclosed by the inner membrane of a chloroplast. Sugars
are made in the stroma by the enzymes of the Calvin cycle.
✔✔reaction center - ✔✔In a photosystem in a chloroplast, the chlorophyll a molecule
and primary electron acceptor that trigger the light reactions of photosynthesis. The
chlorophyll donates an electron excited by light energy to the primary electron acceptor,
which passes an electron to an electron transport chain.
✔✔hypothesis - ✔✔A tentative explanation that a scientist proposes for a specific
phenomenon that has been observed.
✔✔photosystem - ✔✔A light-harvesting unit of a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane;
consists of several hundred antenna molecules, a reaction-center chlorophyll, and a
primary electron acceptor.
, ✔✔primary electron acceptor - ✔✔A molecule in the reaction center of a photosystem
that traps the light-excited electron from the reaction center chlorophyll.
✔✔wavelength - ✔✔The distance between crests of adjacent waves, such as those of
the electromagnetic spectrum.
✔✔light reactions - ✔✔The first of two stages in photosynthesis, the steps in which solar
energy is absorbed and converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
The light reactions power the sugar-producing Calvin cycle but produce no sugar
themselves.
✔✔Calvin cycle - ✔✔The second of two stages of photosynthesis; a cyclic series of
chemical reactions that occur in the stroma of a chloroplast, using the carbon in CO2
and the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions to make the energy-rich sugar
molecule G3P, which is later used to produce glucose.
✔✔chlorophyll - ✔✔A light-absorbing pigment in chloroplasts that plays a central role in
converting solar energy to chemical energy.
✔✔Electromagnetic spectrum - ✔✔The full range of radiation, from the very short
wavelengths of gamma rays to the very long wavelengths of radio signals.
✔✔Carbon Fixation - ✔✔the initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into organic
compounds by autotrophic organisms such as photosynthetic plants, algae, or bacteria.
✔✔anaphase - ✔✔The third stage of mitosis, beginning when sister chromatids
separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes
has arrived at each of the two poles of the cell.
✔✔mitosis - ✔✔The division of a single nucleus into two genetically identical daughter
nuclei. Mitosis and cytokinesis make up the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle.
✔✔nondisjunction - ✔✔An accident of meiosis or mitosis in which a pair of homologous
chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate at anaphase.
✔✔malignant tumor - ✔✔An abnormal tissue mass that spreads into neighboring tissue
and to other parts of the body; a cancerous tumor.
✔✔genetic recombination - ✔✔The production of offspring with gene combinations that
differ from that found in either parent.
✔✔somatic cell - ✔✔Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell or a
cell that develops into a sperm or egg; a body cell.
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔fermentation - ✔✔The anaerobic harvest of food by some cells.
✔✔ATP synthase - ✔✔A protein cluster, found in a cellular membrane (including the
inner membrane of mitochondria, the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, and the
plasma membrane of prokaryotes), that uses the energy of a hydrogen ion
concentration gradient to make ATP from ADP. An ATP synthase provides a port
through which hydrogen ions (H1) diffuse.
✔✔oxidation - ✔✔The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction;
always accompanies reduction.
✔✔glycolysis - ✔✔The multistep chemical breakdown of a molecule of glucose into two
molecules of pyruvic acid; the first stage of cellular respiration in all organisms; occurs
in the cytoplasmic fluid.
✔✔NADH - ✔✔An electron carrier (a molecule that carries electrons) involved in cellular
respiration and photosynthesis. NADH carries electrons from glucose and other fuel
molecules and deposits them at the top of an electron transport chain. NADH is
generated during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
✔✔photon - ✔✔A fixed quantity of light energy. The shorter the wavelength of light, the
greater the energy of a photon.
✔✔NADPH - ✔✔An electron carrier (a molecule that carries electrons) involved in
photosynthesis. Light drives electrons from chlorophyll to NADP1, forming NADPH,
which provides the high-energy electrons for the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugar in
the Calvin cycle.
✔✔stroma - ✔✔A thick fluid enclosed by the inner membrane of a chloroplast. Sugars
are made in the stroma by the enzymes of the Calvin cycle.
✔✔reaction center - ✔✔In a photosystem in a chloroplast, the chlorophyll a molecule
and primary electron acceptor that trigger the light reactions of photosynthesis. The
chlorophyll donates an electron excited by light energy to the primary electron acceptor,
which passes an electron to an electron transport chain.
✔✔hypothesis - ✔✔A tentative explanation that a scientist proposes for a specific
phenomenon that has been observed.
✔✔photosystem - ✔✔A light-harvesting unit of a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane;
consists of several hundred antenna molecules, a reaction-center chlorophyll, and a
primary electron acceptor.
, ✔✔primary electron acceptor - ✔✔A molecule in the reaction center of a photosystem
that traps the light-excited electron from the reaction center chlorophyll.
✔✔wavelength - ✔✔The distance between crests of adjacent waves, such as those of
the electromagnetic spectrum.
✔✔light reactions - ✔✔The first of two stages in photosynthesis, the steps in which solar
energy is absorbed and converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
The light reactions power the sugar-producing Calvin cycle but produce no sugar
themselves.
✔✔Calvin cycle - ✔✔The second of two stages of photosynthesis; a cyclic series of
chemical reactions that occur in the stroma of a chloroplast, using the carbon in CO2
and the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions to make the energy-rich sugar
molecule G3P, which is later used to produce glucose.
✔✔chlorophyll - ✔✔A light-absorbing pigment in chloroplasts that plays a central role in
converting solar energy to chemical energy.
✔✔Electromagnetic spectrum - ✔✔The full range of radiation, from the very short
wavelengths of gamma rays to the very long wavelengths of radio signals.
✔✔Carbon Fixation - ✔✔the initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into organic
compounds by autotrophic organisms such as photosynthetic plants, algae, or bacteria.
✔✔anaphase - ✔✔The third stage of mitosis, beginning when sister chromatids
separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes
has arrived at each of the two poles of the cell.
✔✔mitosis - ✔✔The division of a single nucleus into two genetically identical daughter
nuclei. Mitosis and cytokinesis make up the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle.
✔✔nondisjunction - ✔✔An accident of meiosis or mitosis in which a pair of homologous
chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate at anaphase.
✔✔malignant tumor - ✔✔An abnormal tissue mass that spreads into neighboring tissue
and to other parts of the body; a cancerous tumor.
✔✔genetic recombination - ✔✔The production of offspring with gene combinations that
differ from that found in either parent.
✔✔somatic cell - ✔✔Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell or a
cell that develops into a sperm or egg; a body cell.
